13 Distribution Protocol

This description is far from complete. It will be updated if the protocol is updated. However, the protocols, both from Erlang nodes to the Erlang Port Mapper Daemon (EPMD) and between Erlang nodes are stable since many years.

The distribution protocol can be divided into four parts:

• Low-level socket connection (1)

• Handshake, interchange node name, and authenticate (2)

• Authentication (done by net_kernel(3)) (3)

• Connected (4)

A node fetches the port number of another node through the EPMD (at the other host) to initiate a connection request.

For each host, where a distributed Erlang node is running, also an EPMD is to be running. The EPMD can be started explicitly or automatically as a result of the Erlang node startup.

By default the EPMD listens on port 4369.

(3) and (4) above are performed at the same level but the net_kernel disconnects the other node if it communicates using an invalid cookie (after 1 second).

The integers in all multibyte fields are in big-endian order.

13.1  EPMD Protocol

The requests served by the EPMD are summarized in the following figure.

Figure 13.1:   Summary of EPMD Requests

Each request *_REQ is preceded by a 2 byte length field. Thus, the overall request format is as follows:

Register a Node in EPMD

When a distributed node is started it registers itself in the EPMD. The message ALIVE2_REQ described below is sent from the node to the EPMD. The response from the EPMD is ALIVE2_X_RESP (or ALIVE2_RESP).

PortNo

The port number on which the node accept connection requests.

NodeType

77 = normal Erlang node, 72 = hidden node (C-node), ...

Protocol

0 = TCP/IPv4, ...

HighestVersion

The highest distribution protocol version this node can handle. The value in OTP 23 and later is 6. Older nodes only support version 5.

LowestVersion

The lowest distribution version that this node can handle. Should be 5 to support connections to nodes older than OTP 23.

Nlen

The length (in bytes) of field NodeName.

NodeName

The node name as an UTF-8 encoded string of Nlen bytes.

Elen

The length of field Extra.

Extra

Extra field of Elen bytes.

The connection created to the EPMD must be kept as long as the node is a distributed node. When the connection is closed, the node is automatically unregistered from the EPMD.

The response message is either ALIVE2_X_RESP or ALIVE2_RESP depending on distribution version. If both the node and EPMD support distribution version 6 then the response is ALIVE2_X_RESP otherwise it is the older ALIVE2_RESP:

Result = 0 -> ok, result > 0 -> error.

Unregister a Node from EPMD

A node unregisters itself from the EPMD by closing the TCP connection to EPMD established when the node was registered.

Get the Distribution Port of Another Node

When one node wants to connect to another node it starts with a PORT_PLEASE2_REQ request to the EPMD on the host where the node resides to get the distribution port that the node listens to.

where N = Length - 1.

or

If Result > 0, the packet only consists of [119, Result].

The EPMD closes the socket when it has sent the information.

Get All Registered Names from EPMD

This request is used through the Erlang function net_adm:names/1,2. A TCP connection is opened to the EPMD and this request is sent.

The response for a NAMES_REQ is as follows:

NodeInfo is a string written for each active node. When all NodeInfo has been written the connection is closed by the EPMD.

NodeInfo is, as expressed in Erlang:

io:format("name ~ts at port ~p~n", [NodeName, Port]).

Dump All Data from EPMD

This request is not really used, it is to be regarded as a debug feature.

The response for a DUMP_REQ is as follows:

NodeInfo is a string written for each node kept in the EPMD. When all NodeInfo has been written the connection is closed by the EPMD.

NodeInfo is, as expressed in Erlang:

io:format("active name     ~ts at port ~p, fd = ~p~n",
          [NodeName, Port, Fd]).

or

io:format("old/unused name ~ts at port ~p, fd = ~p ~n",
          [NodeName, Port, Fd]).

Kill EPMD

This request kills the running EPMD. It is almost never used.

The response for a KILL_REQ is as follows:

where OKString is "OK".

STOP_REQ (Not Used)

where n = Length - 1.

The response for a STOP_REQ is as follows:

where OKString is "STOPPED".

A negative response can look as follows:

where NOKString is "NOEXIST".

13.2  Distribution Handshake

This section describes the distribution handshake protocol used between nodes to establishing a connection. The protocol was introduced in Erlang/OTP R6 and amended in OTP 23. From OTP 25 support for the older protocol was dropped. Therefor an OTP 25 node can not connect to nodes older than OTP 23. This documentation only decribes the new amended protocol.

General

The TCP/IP distribution uses a handshake that expects a connection-based protocol, that is, the protocol does not include any authentication after the handshake procedure.

This is not entirely safe, as it is vulnerable against takeover attacks, but it is a tradeoff between fair safety and performance.

The cookies are never sent in cleartext and the handshake procedure expects the client (called A) to be the first one to prove that it can generate a sufficient digest. The digest is generated with the MD5 message digest algorithm and the challenges are expected to be random numbers.

Definitions

A challenge is a 32-bit integer in big-endian order. Below the function gen_challenge() returns a random 32-bit integer used as a challenge.

A digest is a (16 bytes) MD5 hash of the challenge (as text) concatenated with the cookie (as text). Below, the function gen_digest(Challenge, Cookie) generates a digest as described above.

An out_cookie is the cookie used in outgoing communication to a certain node, so that A's out_cookie for B is to correspond with B's in_cookie for A and conversely. A's out_cookie for B and A's in_cookie for B need not be the same. Below the function out_cookie(Node) returns the current node's out_cookie for Node.

An in_cookie is the cookie expected to be used by another node when communicating with us, so that A's in_cookie for B corresponds with B's out_cookie for A. Below the function in_cookie(Node) returns the current node's in_cookie for Node.

The cookies are text strings that can be viewed as passwords.

Every message in the handshake starts with a 16-bit big-endian integer, which contains the message length (not counting the two initial bytes). In Erlang this corresponds to option {packet, 2} in gen_tcp(3). Notice that after the handshake, the distribution switches to 4 byte packet headers.

The Handshake in Detail

Imagine two nodes, A that initiates the handshake and B that accepts the connection.

1) connect/accept

A connects to B through TCP/IP and B accepts the connection.

2) send_name/receive_name

A sends an initial identification to B. The message looks as follows (the packet headers are removed):

1	8	4	2	Nlen
'N'	Flags	Creation	Nlen	Name

Table 13.17:   New send_name ('N') for protocol version 6

Flags are the capability flags of node A in 64-bit big endian. Creation is the node incarnation identifier used by node A to create its pids, ports and references. Name is the full node name of A, as a string of bytes. Nlen is the byte length of the node name in 16-bit big endian. Any extra data after the node Name must be accepted and ignored.

3) recv_status/send_status

B sends a status message to A, which indicates if the connection is allowed.

1	Slen
's'	Status

Table 13.18:   The format of the status message

's' is the message tag. Status is the status code as a string (not null terminated). The following status codes are defined:

ok

The handshake will continue.

ok_simultaneous

The handshake will continue, but A is informed that B has another ongoing connection attempt that will be shut down (simultaneous connect where A's name is greater than B's name, compared literally).

nok

The handshake will not continue, as B already has an ongoing handshake, which it itself has initiated (simultaneous connect where B's name is greater than A's).

not_allowed

The connection is disallowed for some (unspecified) security reason.

alive

A connection to the node is already active, which either means that node A is confused or that the TCP connection breakdown of a previous node with this name has not yet reached node B. See step 3B below.

named:

The handshake will continue, but A requested a dynamic node name by setting flag DFLAG_NAME_ME. The dynamic node name of A is supplied at the end of the status message from B.

1	Slen=6	2	Nlen
's'	Status='named:'	Nlen	Name

Table 13.19:   The format of the 'named:' status message

Name is the full dynamic node name of A, as a string of bytes. Nlen is the byte length of the node name in 16-bit big endian. Any extra data after the node Name must be accepted and ignored.

3B) send_status/recv_status

If status was alive, node A answers with another status message containing either true, which means that the connection is to continue (the old connection from this node is broken), or false, which means that the connection is to be closed (the connection attempt was a mistake.

4) recv_challenge/send_challenge

If the status was ok or ok_simultaneous, the handshake continues with B sending A another message, the challenge. The challenge contains the same type of information as the "name" message initially sent from A to B, plus a 32-bit challenge:

1	8	4	4	2	Nlen
'N'	Flags	Challenge	Creation	Nlen	Name

Table 13.20:   The new challenge message format (version 6)

Challenge is a 32-bit big-endian integer. The other fields are node B's flags, creation and full node name, similar to the send_name message. Any extra data after the node Name must be accepted and ignored.

5) send_challenge_reply/recv_challenge_reply

Now A has generated a digest and its own challenge. Those are sent together in a package to B:

1	4	16
'r'	Challenge	Digest

Table 13.21:   The challenge_reply message

Challenge is A's challenge for B to handle. Digest is the MD5 digest that A constructed from the challenge B sent in the previous step.

6) recv_challenge_ack/send_challenge_ack

B checks that the digest received from A is correct and generates a digest from the challenge received from A. The digest is then sent to A. The message is as follows:

1	16
'a'	Digest

Table 13.22:   The challenge_ack message

Digest is the digest calculated by B for A's challenge.

7) check

A checks the digest from B and the connection is up.

Semigraphic View

A (initiator)                                      B (acceptor)

TCP connect ------------------------------------>
                                                   TCP accept

send_name -------------------------------------->
                                                   recv_name

  <---------------------------------------------- send_status
recv_status
(if status was 'alive'
 send_status - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ->
                                                   recv_status)

                          (ChB)                      ChB = gen_challenge()
  <---------------------------------------------- send_challenge
recv_challenge

ChA = gen_challenge(),
OCA = out_cookie(B),
DiA = gen_digest(ChB, OCA)
                          (ChA, DiA)
send_challenge_reply --------------------------->
                                                   recv_challenge_reply
                                                   ICB = in_cookie(A),
                                                   check:
                                                   DiA == gen_digest (ChB, ICB)?
                                                   - if OK:
                                                    OCB = out_cookie(A),
                                                    DiB = gen_digest (ChA, OCB)
                          (DiB)
  <----------------------------------------------- send_challenge_ack
recv_challenge_ack                                  DONE
ICA = in_cookie(B),                                - else:
check:                                              CLOSE
DiB == gen_digest(ChA, ICA)?
- if OK:
 DONE
- else:
 CLOSE

Distribution Flags

Early in the distribution handshake the two participating nodes exchange capability flags. This is done in order to determine how the communication between the two nodes should be performed. The intersection of the capabilities presented by the two nodes defines the capabilities that will be used. The following capability flags are defined:

-define(DFLAG_PUBLISHED,16#1).

The node is to be published and part of the global namespace.

-define(DFLAG_ATOM_CACHE,16#2).

The node implements an atom cache (obsolete).

-define(DFLAG_EXTENDED_REFERENCES,16#4).

The node implements extended (3 × 32 bits) references. This flag is mandatory. If not present, the connection is refused.

-define(DFLAG_DIST_MONITOR,16#8).

The node implements distributed process monitoring.

-define(DFLAG_FUN_TAGS,16#10).

The node uses separate tags for funs (lambdas) in the distribution protocol. This flag is mandatory. If not present, the connection is refused.

-define(DFLAG_DIST_MONITOR_NAME,16#20).

The node implements distributed named process monitoring.

-define(DFLAG_HIDDEN_ATOM_CACHE,16#40).

The (hidden) node implements atom cache (obsolete).

-define(DFLAG_NEW_FUN_TAGS,16#80).

The node understands the NEW_FUN_EXT tag. This flag is mandatory. If not present, the connection is refused.

-define(DFLAG_EXTENDED_PIDS_PORTS,16#100).

The node can handle extended pids and ports. This flag is mandatory. If not present, the connection is refused.

-define(DFLAG_EXPORT_PTR_TAG,16#200).

The node understands the EXPORT_EXT tag. This flag is mandatory. If not present, the connection is refused.

-define(DFLAG_BIT_BINARIES,16#400).

The node understands the BIT_BINARY_EXT tag. This flag is mandatory. If not present, the connection is refused.

-define(DFLAG_NEW_FLOATS,16#800).

The node understands the NEW_FLOAT_EXT tag. This flag is mandatory. If not present, the connection is refused.

-define(DFLAG_UNICODE_IO,16#1000).

-define(DFLAG_DIST_HDR_ATOM_CACHE,16#2000).

The node implements atom cache in distribution header.

-define(DFLAG_SMALL_ATOM_TAGS, 16#4000).

The node understands the SMALL_ATOM_EXT tag.

-define(DFLAG_UTF8_ATOMS, 16#10000).

The node understands UTF-8 atoms encoded with ATOM_UTF8_EXT and SMALL ATOM_UTF8_EXT. This flag is mandatory. If not present, the connection is refused.

-define(DFLAG_MAP_TAG, 16#20000).

The node understands the map tag MAP_EXT. This flag is mandatory. If not present, the connection is refused.

-define(DFLAG_BIG_CREATION, 16#40000).

The node understands big node creation tags NEW_PID_EXT, NEW_PORT_EXT and NEWER_REFERENCE_EXT. This flag is mandatory. If not present, the connection is refused.

-define(DFLAG_SEND_SENDER, 16#80000).

Use the SEND_SENDER control message instead of the SEND control message and use the SEND_SENDER_TT control message instead of the SEND_TT control message.

-define(DFLAG_BIG_SEQTRACE_LABELS, 16#100000).

The node understands any term as the seqtrace label.

-define(DFLAG_EXIT_PAYLOAD, 16#400000).

Use the PAYLOAD_EXIT, PAYLOAD_EXIT_TT, PAYLOAD_EXIT2, PAYLOAD_EXIT2_TT and PAYLOAD_MONITOR_P_EXIT control messages instead of the non-PAYLOAD variants.

-define(DFLAG_FRAGMENTS, 16#800000).

Use fragmented distribution messages to send large messages.

-define(DFLAG_HANDSHAKE_23, 16#1000000).

The node supports the new connection setup handshake (version 6) introduced in OTP 23. This flag is mandatory (from OTP 25). If not present, the connection is refused.

-define(DFLAG_UNLINK_ID, 16#2000000).

Use the new link protocol.

Note

This flag will become mandatory in OTP 26.

Unless both nodes have set the DFLAG_UNLINK_ID flag, the old link protocol will be used as a fallback.

-define(DFLAG_MANDATORY_25_DIGEST, (1 bsl 36)).

The node supports all capabilities that are mandatory in OTP 25. Introduced in OTP 25.

Note

This flag will become mandatory in OTP 27.

-define(DFLAG_SPAWN, (1 bsl 32)).

Set if the SPAWN_REQUEST, SPAWN_REQUEST_TT, SPAWN_REPLY, SPAWN_REPLY_TT control messages are supported.

-define(DFLAG_NAME_ME, (1 bsl 33)).

Dynamic node name. This is not a capability but rather used as a request from the connecting node to receive its node name from the accepting node as part of the handshake.

-define(DFLAG_V4_NC, (1 bsl 34)).

The node accepts a larger amount of data in pids, ports and references (node container types version 4). In the pid case full 32-bit ID and Serial fields in NEW_PID_EXT, in the port case a 64-bit integer in V4_PORT_EXT, and in the reference case up to 5 32-bit ID words are now accepted in NEWER_REFERENCE_EXT. Introduced in OTP 24.

Note

This flag will become mandatory in OTP 26.

-define(DFLAG_ALIAS, (1 bsl 35)).

The node supports process alias and can by this handle the ALIAS_SEND and ALIAS_SEND_TT control messages. Introduced in OTP 24.

There is also function dist_util:strict_order_flags/0 returning all flags (bitwise or:ed together) corresponding to features that require strict ordering of data over distribution channels.

13.3  Protocol between Connected Nodes

Since ERTS 5.7.2 (OTP R13B) the runtime system passes a distribution flag in the handshake stage that enables the use of a distribution header on all messages passed. Messages passed between nodes have in this case the following format:

Length

Equal to d + n + m.

DistributionHeader

Distribution header describing the atom cache and fragmented distribution messages.

ControlMessage

A tuple passed using the external format of Erlang.

Message

The message sent to another node using the '!' or the reason for a EXIT, EXIT2 or DOWN signal using the external term format.

Notice that the version number is omitted from the terms that follow a distribution header .

Nodes with an ERTS version earlier than 5.7.2 (OTP R13B) does not pass the distribution flag that enables the distribution header. Messages passed between nodes have in this case the following format:

Length

Equal to 1 + n + m.

Type

Equal to 112 (pass through).

ControlMessage

A tuple passed using the external format of Erlang.

Message

The message sent to another node using the '!' (in external format). Notice that Message is only passed in combination with a ControlMessage encoding a send ('!').

The ControlMessage is a tuple, where the first element indicates which distributed operation it encodes:

LINK

{1, FromPid, ToPid}

This signal is sent by FromPid in order to create a link between FromPid and ToPid.

SEND

{2, Unused, ToPid}

Followed by Message.

Unused is kept for backward compatibility.

EXIT

{3, FromPid, ToPid, Reason}

This signal is sent when a link has been broken

UNLINK (deprecated)

{4, FromPid, ToPid}

This signal is sent by FromPid in order to remove a link between FromPid and ToPid, when using the old link protocol.

Warning

This signal has been deprecated and will not be supported in OTP 26. For more information see the documentation of the new link protocol.

NODE_LINK

{5}

REG_SEND

{6, FromPid, Unused, ToName}

Followed by Message.

Unused is kept for backward compatibility.

GROUP_LEADER

{7, FromPid, ToPid}

EXIT2

{8, FromPid, ToPid, Reason}

This signal is sent by a call to the erlang:exit/2 bif

SEND_TT

{12, Unused, ToPid, TraceToken}

Followed by Message.

Unused is kept for backward compatibility.

EXIT_TT

{13, FromPid, ToPid, TraceToken, Reason}

REG_SEND_TT

{16, FromPid, Unused, ToName, TraceToken}

Followed by Message.

Unused is kept for backward compatibility.

EXIT2_TT

{18, FromPid, ToPid, TraceToken, Reason}

MONITOR_P

{19, FromPid, ToProc, Ref}, where FromPid = monitoring process and ToProc = monitored process pid or name (atom)

DEMONITOR_P

{20, FromPid, ToProc, Ref}, where FromPid = monitoring process and ToProc = monitored process pid or name (atom)

We include FromPid just in case we want to trace this.

MONITOR_P_EXIT

{21, FromProc, ToPid, Ref, Reason}, where FromProc = monitored process pid or name (atom), ToPid = monitoring process, and Reason = exit reason for the monitored process

New Ctrlmessages for Erlang/OTP 21

SEND_SENDER

{22, FromPid, ToPid}

Followed by Message.

This control message replaces the SEND control message and will be sent when the distribution flag DFLAG_SEND_SENDER has been negotiated in the connection setup handshake.

Note

Messages encoded before the connection has been set up may still use the SEND control message. However, once a SEND_SENDER or SEND_SENDER_TT control message has been sent, no more SEND control messages will be sent in the same direction on the connection.

SEND_SENDER_TT

{23, FromPid, ToPid, TraceToken}

Followed by Message.

This control message replaces the SEND_TT control message and will be sent when the distribution flag DFLAG_SEND_SENDER has been negotiated in the connection setup handshake.

Note

Messages encoded before the connection has been set up may still use the SEND_TT control message. However, once a SEND_SENDER or SEND_SENDER_TT control message has been sent, no more SEND_TT control messages will be sent in the same direction on the connection.

New Ctrlmessages for Erlang/OTP 22

PAYLOAD_EXIT

{24, FromPid, ToPid}

Followed by Reason.

This control message replaces the EXIT control message and will be sent when the distribution flag DFLAG_EXIT_PAYLOAD has been negotiated in the connection setup handshake.

PAYLOAD_EXIT_TT

{25, FromPid, ToPid}

Followed by Reason.

This control message replaces the EXIT_TT control message and will be sent when the distribution flag DFLAG_EXIT_PAYLOAD has been negotiated in the connection setup handshake.

PAYLOAD_EXIT2

{26, FromPid, ToPid}

Followed by Reason.

This control message replaces the EXIT2 control message and will be sent when the distribution flag DFLAG_EXIT_PAYLOAD has been negotiated in the connection setup handshake.

PAYLOAD_EXIT2_TT

{27, FromPid, ToPid}

Followed by Reason.

This control message replaces the EXIT2_TT control message and will be sent when the distribution flag DFLAG_EXIT_PAYLOAD has been negotiated in the connection setup handshake.

PAYLOAD_MONITOR_P_EXIT

{28, FromPid, ToPid, Ref}

Followed by Reason.

This control message replaces the MONITOR_P_EXIT control message and will be sent when the distribution flag DFLAG_EXIT_PAYLOAD has been negotiated in the connection setup handshake.

New Ctrlmessages for Erlang/OTP 23

SPAWN_REQUEST

{29, ReqId, From, GroupLeader, {Module, Function, Arity}, OptList}

Followed by ArgList.

This signal is sent by the spawn_request() BIF.

ReqId :: reference()

Request identifier. Also used as monitor reference in case the monitor option has been passed.

From :: pid()

Process identifier of the process making the request. That is, the parent process to be.

GroupLeader :: pid()

Process identifier of the group leader of the newly created process.

{Module :: atom(), Function :: atom(), Arity :: integer() >= 0}

Entry point for the the new process.

OptList :: [term()]

A proper list of spawn options to use when spawning.

ArgList :: [term()]

A proper list of arguments to use in the call to the entry point.

Only supported when the DFLAG_SPAWN distribution flag has been passed.

SPAWN_REQUEST_TT

{30, ReqId, From, GroupLeader, {Module, Function, Arity}, OptList, Token}

Followed by ArgList.

Same as SPAWN_REQUEST, but also with a sequential trace Token.

Only supported when the DFLAG_SPAWN distribution flag has been passed.

SPAWN_REPLY

{31, ReqId, To, Flags, Result}

This signal is sent as a reply to a process previously sending a SPAWN_REQUEST signal.

ReqId :: reference()

Request identifier. Also used as monitor reference in case the monitor option has been passed.

To :: pid()

Process identifier of the process making the spawn request.

Flags :: integer() >= 0

A bit flag field of bit flags bitwise or:ed together. Currently the following flags are defined:

1

A link between To and Result was set up on the node where Result resides.

2

A monitor from To to Result was set up on the node where Result resides.

Result :: pid() | atom()

Result of the operation. If Result is a process identifier, the operation succeeded and the process identifier is the identifier of the newly created process. If Result is an atom, the operation failed and the atom identifies failure reason.

Only supported when the DFLAG_SPAWN distribution flag has been passed.

SPAWN_REPLY_TT

{32, ReqId, To, Flags, Result, Token}

Same as SPAWN_REPLY, but also with a sequential trace Token.

Only supported when the DFLAG_SPAWN distribution flag has been passed.

UNLINK_ID

{35, Id, FromPid, ToPid}

This signal is sent by FromPid in order to remove a link between FromPid and ToPid. This unlink signal replaces the UNLINK signal. Besides process identifiers of the sender and receiver the UNLINK_ID signal also contains an integer identifier Id. Valid range of Id is [1, (1 bsl 64) - 1]. Id is to be passed back to the sender by the receiver in an UNLINK_ID_ACK signal. Id must uniquely identify the UNLINK_ID signal among all not yet acknowledged UNLINK_ID signals from FromPid to ToPid.

This signal is only passed when the new link protocol has been negotiated using the DFLAG_UNLINK_ID distribution flag.

UNLINK_ID_ACK

{36, Id, FromPid, ToPid}

An unlink acknowledgement signal. This signal is sent as an acknowledgement of the reception of an UNLINK_ID signal. The Id element should be the same Id as present in the UNLINK_ID signal. FromPid identifies the sender of the UNLINK_ID_ACK signal and ToPid identifies the sender of the UNLINK_ID signal.

This signal is only passed when the new link protocol has been negotiated using the DFLAG_UNLINK_ID distribution flag.

New Ctrlmessages for Erlang/OTP 24

ALIAS_SEND

{33, FromPid, Alias}

Followed by Message.

This control message is used when sending the message Message to the process identified by the process alias Alias. Nodes that can handle this control message sets the distribution flag DFLAG_ALIAS in the connection setup handshake.

ALIAS_SEND_TT

{34, FromPid, Alias, Token}

Followed by Message.

Same as ALIAS_SEND, but also with a sequential trace Token.

Link Protocol

New Link Protocol

The new link protocol will be used when both nodes flag that they understand it using the DFLAG_UNLINK_ID distribution flag. If one of the nodes does not understand the new link protocol, the old link protocol will be used as a fallback.

The new link protocol introduces two new signals, UNLINK_ID and UNLINK_ID_ACK, which replace the old UNLINK signal. The old LINK signal is still sent in order to set up a link, but handled differently upon reception.

In order to set up a link, a LINK signal is sent, from the process initiating the operation, to the process that it wants to link to. In order to remove a link, an UNLINK_ID signal is sent, from the process initiating the operation, to the linked process. The receiver of an UNLINK_ID signal responds with an UNLINK_ID_ACK signal. Upon reception of an UNLINK_ID signal, the corresponding UNLINK_ID_ACK signal must be sent before any other signals are sent to the sender of the UNLINK_ID signal. Together with the signal ordering guarantee of Erlang this makes it possible for the sender of the UNLINK_ID signal to know the order of other signals which is essential for the protocol. The UNLINK_ID_ACK signal should contain the same Id as the Id contained in the UNLINK_ID signal being acknowledged.

Processes also need to maintain process local information about links. The state of this process local information is changed when the signals above are sent and received. This process local information also determines if a signal should be sent when a process calls link/1 or unlink/1. A LINK signal is only sent if there does not currently exist an active link between the processes according to the process local information and an UNLINK_ID signal is only sent if there currently exists an active link between the processes according to the process local information.

The process local information about a link contains:

Pid

Process identifier of the linked process.

Active Flag

If set, the link is active and the process will react on incoming exit signals issued due to the link. If not set, the link is inactive and incoming exit signals, issued due to the link, will be ignored. That is, the processes are considered as not linked.

Unlink Id

Identifier of an outstanding unlink operation. That is, an unlink operation that has not yet been acknowledged. This information is only used when the active flag is not set.

A process is only considered linked to another process if it has process local information about the link containing the process identifier of the other process and with the active flag set.

The process local information about a link is updated as follows:

A LINK signal is sent

Link information is created if not already existing. The active flag is set, and unlink id is cleared. That is, if we had an outstanding unlink operation we will ignore the result of that operation and enable the link.

A LINK signal is received

If no link information already exists, it is created, the active flag is set and unlink id is cleared. If the link information already exists, the signal is silently ignored, regardless of whether the active flag is set or not. That is, if we have an outstanding unlink operation we will not activate the link. In this scenario, the sender of the LINK signal has not yet sent an UNLINK_ID_ACK signal corresponding to our UNLINK_ID signal which means that it will receive our UNLINK_ID signal after it sent its LINK signal. This in turn means that both processes in the end will agree that there is no link between them.

An UNLINK_ID signal is sent

Link information already exists and the active flag is set (otherwise the signal would not be sent). The active flag is unset, and the unlink id of the signal is saved in the link information.

An UNLINK_ID signal is received

If the active flag is set, information about the link is removed. If the active flag is not set (that is, we have an outstanding unlink operation), the information about the link is left unchanged.

An UNLINK_ID_ACK signal is sent

This is done when an UNLINK_ID signal is received and causes no further changes of the link information.

An UNLINK_ID_ACK signal is received

If information about the link exists, the active flag is not set, and the unlink id in the link information equals the Id in the signal, the link information is removed; otherwise, the signal is ignored.

When a process receives an exit signal due to a link, the process will first react to the exit signal if the link is active and then remove the process local information about the link.

In case the connection is lost between two nodes, exit signals with exit reason noconnection are sent to all processes with links over the connection. This will cause all process local information about links over the connection to be removed.

Exactly the same link protocol is also used internally on an Erlang node. The signals however have different formats since they do not have to be sent over the wire.

Old Link Protocol

The old link protocol utilize two signals LINK, and UNLINK. The LINK signal informs the other process that a link should be set up, and the UNLINK signal informs the other process that a link should be removed. This protocol is however a bit too naive. If both processes operate on the link simultaneously, the link may end up in an inconsistent state where one process thinks it is linked while the other thinks it is not linked.

This protocol is deprecated and support for it will be removed in OTP 26. Until then, it will be used as fallback when communicating with old nodes that do not understand the new link protocol.