STDLIB

Reference Manual

Version 3.5

Table of Contents

calendar

Module

calendar

Module Summary

Local and universal time, day of the week, date and time conversions.

Description

This module provides computation of local and universal time, day of the week, and many time conversion functions.

Time is local when it is adjusted in accordance with the current time zone and daylight saving. Time is universal when it reflects the time at longitude zero, without any adjustment for daylight saving. Universal Coordinated Time (UTC) time is also called Greenwich Mean Time (GMT).

The time functions local_time/0 and universal_time/0 in this module both return date and time. The is because separate functions for date and time can result in a date/time combination that is displaced by 24 hours. This occurs if one of the functions is called before midnight, and the other after midnight. This problem also applies to the Erlang BIFs date/0 and time/0, and their use is strongly discouraged if a reliable date/time stamp is required.

All dates conform to the Gregorian calendar. This calendar was introduced by Pope Gregory XIII in 1582 and was used in all Catholic countries from this year. Protestant parts of Germany and the Netherlands adopted it in 1698, England followed in 1752, and Russia in 1918 (the October revolution of 1917 took place in November according to the Gregorian calendar).

The Gregorian calendar in this module is extended back to year 0. For a given date, the gregorian days is the number of days up to and including the date specified. Similarly, the gregorian seconds for a specified date and time is the number of seconds up to and including the specified date and time.

For computing differences between epochs in time, use the functions counting gregorian days or seconds. If epochs are specified as local time, they must be converted to universal time to get the correct value of the elapsed time between epochs. Use of function time_difference/2 is discouraged.

Different definitions exist for the week of the year. This module contains a week of the year implementation conforming to the ISO 8601 standard. As the week number for a specified date can fall on the previous, the current, or on the next year, it is important to specify both the year and the week number. Functions iso_week_number/0 and iso_week_number/1 return a tuple of the year and the week number.

Data Types

datetime() = {date(), time()}
datetime1970() = {{year1970(), month(), day()}, time()}
date() = {year(), month(), day()}
year() = integer() >= 0

Year cannot be abbreviated. For example, 93 denotes year 93, not 1993. The valid range depends on the underlying operating system. The date tuple must denote a valid date.

year1970() = 1970..10000
month() = 1..12
day() = 1..31
time() = {hour(), minute(), second()}
hour() = 0..23
minute() = 0..59
second() = 0..59
daynum() = 1..7
ldom() = 28 | 29 | 30 | 31
yearweeknum() = {year(), weeknum()}
weeknum() = 1..53

Exports

date_to_gregorian_days(Date) -> Days
date_to_gregorian_days(Year, Month, Day) -> Days

Types

Date = date()
Year = year()
Month = month()
Day = day()

Computes the number of gregorian days starting with year 0 and ending at the specified date.

datetime_to_gregorian_seconds(DateTime) -> Seconds

Types

DateTime = datetime()
Seconds = integer() >= 0

Computes the number of gregorian seconds starting with year 0 and ending at the specified date and time.

day_of_the_week(Date) -> daynum()
day_of_the_week(Year, Month, Day) -> daynum()

Types

Date = date()
Year = year()
Month = month()
Day = day()

Computes the day of the week from the specified Year, Month, and Day. Returns the day of the week as 1: Monday, 2: Tuesday, and so on.

gregorian_days_to_date(Days) -> date()

Types

Days = integer() >= 0

Computes the date from the specified number of gregorian days.

gregorian_seconds_to_datetime(Seconds) -> datetime()

Types

Seconds = integer() >= 0

Computes the date and time from the specified number of gregorian seconds.

is_leap_year(Year) -> boolean()

Types

Year = year()

Checks if the specified year is a leap year.

iso_week_number() -> yearweeknum()

Returns tuple {Year, WeekNum} representing the ISO week number for the actual date. To determine the actual date, use function local_time/0.

iso_week_number(Date) -> yearweeknum()

Types

Date = date()

Returns tuple {Year, WeekNum} representing the ISO week number for the specified date.

last_day_of_the_month(Year, Month) -> LastDay

Types

Year = year()
Month = month()
LastDay = ldom()

Computes the number of days in a month.

local_time() -> datetime()

Returns the local time reported by the underlying operating system.

local_time_to_universal_time(DateTime1) -> DateTime2

Types

DateTime1 = DateTime2 = datetime1970()

Converts from local time to Universal Coordinated Time (UTC). DateTime1 must refer to a local date after Jan 1, 1970.

Warning

This function is deprecated. Use local_time_to_universal_time_dst/1 instead, as it gives a more correct and complete result. Especially for the period that does not exist, as it is skipped during the switch to daylight saving time, this function still returns a result.

local_time_to_universal_time_dst(DateTime1) -> [DateTime]

Types

DateTime1 = DateTime = datetime1970()

Converts from local time to Universal Coordinated Time (UTC). DateTime1 must refer to a local date after Jan 1, 1970.

The return value is a list of 0, 1, or 2 possible UTC times:

[]

For a local {Date1, Time1} during the period that is skipped when switching to daylight saving time, there is no corresponding UTC, as the local time is illegal (it has never occured).

[DstDateTimeUTC, DateTimeUTC]

For a local {Date1, Time1} during the period that is repeated when switching from daylight saving time, two corresponding UTCs exist; one for the first instance of the period when daylight saving time is still active, and one for the second instance.

[DateTimeUTC]

For all other local times only one corresponding UTC exists.

now_to_datetime(Now) -> datetime1970()

Types

Now = erlang:timestamp()

Returns Universal Coordinated Time (UTC) converted from the return value from erlang:timestamp/0.

now_to_local_time(Now) -> datetime1970()

Types

Now = erlang:timestamp()

Returns local date and time converted from the return value from erlang:timestamp/0.

now_to_universal_time(Now) -> datetime1970()

Types

Now = erlang:timestamp()

Returns Universal Coordinated Time (UTC) converted from the return value from erlang:timestamp/0.

rfc3339_to_system_time(DateTimeString) -> integer()
rfc3339_to_system_time(DateTimeString, Options) -> integer()

Types

DateTimeString = rfc3339_string()
Options = [Option]
Option = {unit, rfc3339_time_unit()}
rfc3339_string() = [byte(), ...]
rfc3339_time_unit() =
    microsecond | millisecond | nanosecond | second

Converts an RFC 3339 timestamp into system time. The data format of RFC 3339 timestamps is described by RFC 3339.

Valid option:

{unit, Unit}

The time unit of the return value. The default is second.

1> calendar:rfc3339_to_system_time("2018-02-01T16:17:58+01:00").
1517498278
2> calendar:rfc3339_to_system_time("2018-02-01 15:18:02.088Z",
   [{unit, nanosecond}]).
1517498282088000000

seconds_to_daystime(Seconds) -> {Days, Time}

Types

Seconds = Days = integer()
Time = time()

Converts a specified number of seconds into days, hours, minutes, and seconds. Time is always non-negative, but Days is negative if argument Seconds is.

seconds_to_time(Seconds) -> time()

Types

Seconds = secs_per_day()
secs_per_day() = 0..86400

Computes the time from the specified number of seconds. Seconds must be less than the number of seconds per day (86400).

system_time_to_local_time(Time, TimeUnit) -> datetime()

Types

Time = integer()
TimeUnit = erlang:time_unit()

Converts a specified system time into local date and time.

system_time_to_rfc3339(Time) -> DateTimeString
system_time_to_rfc3339(Time, Options) -> DateTimeString

Types

Time = integer()
Options = [Option]
Option =
    {offset, offset()} |
    {time_designator, byte()} |
    {unit, rfc3339_time_unit()}
DateTimeString = rfc3339_string()
offset() = [byte()] | (Time :: integer())
rfc3339_string() = [byte(), ...]
rfc3339_time_unit() =
    microsecond | millisecond | nanosecond | second

Converts a system time into an RFC 3339 timestamp. The data format of RFC 3339 timestamps is described by RFC 3339. The data format of offsets is also described by RFC 3339.

Valid options:

{offset, Offset}

The offset, either a string or an integer, to be included in the formatted string. An empty string, which is the default, is interpreted as local time. A non-empty string is included as is. The time unit of the integer is the same as the one of Time.

{time_designator, Character}

The character used as time designator, that is, the date and time separator. The default is $T.

{unit, Unit}

The time unit of Time. The default is second. If some other unit is given (millisecond, microsecond, or nanosecond), the formatted string includes a fraction of a second.

1> calendar:system_time_to_rfc3339(erlang:system_time(second)).
"2018-04-23T14:56:28+02:00"
2> calendar:system_time_to_rfc3339(erlang:system_time(second),
   [{offset, "-02:00"}]).
"2018-04-23T10:56:52-02:00"
3> calendar:system_time_to_rfc3339(erlang:system_time(second),
   [{offset, -7200}]).
"2018-04-23T10:57:05-02:00"
4> calendar:system_time_to_rfc3339(erlang:system_time(millisecond),
   [{unit, millisecond}, {time_designator, $\s}, {offset, "Z"}]).
"2018-04-23 12:57:20.482Z"

system_time_to_universal_time(Time, TimeUnit) -> datetime()

Types

Time = integer()
TimeUnit = erlang:time_unit()

Converts a specified system time into universal date and time.

time_difference(T1, T2) -> {Days, Time}

Types

T1 = T2 = datetime()
Days = integer()
Time = time()

Returns the difference between two {Date, Time} tuples. T2 is to refer to an epoch later than T1.

Warning

This function is obsolete. Use the conversion functions for gregorian days and seconds instead.

time_to_seconds(Time) -> secs_per_day()

Types

Time = time()
secs_per_day() = 0..86400

Returns the number of seconds since midnight up to the specified time.

universal_time() -> datetime()

Returns the Universal Coordinated Time (UTC) reported by the underlying operating system. Returns local time if universal time is unavailable.

universal_time_to_local_time(DateTime) -> datetime()

Types

DateTime = datetime1970()

Converts from Universal Coordinated Time (UTC) to local time. DateTime must refer to a date after Jan 1, 1970.

valid_date(Date) -> boolean()
valid_date(Year, Month, Day) -> boolean()

Types

Date = date()
Year = Month = Day = integer()

This function checks if a date is a valid.

Leap Years

The notion that every fourth year is a leap year is not completely true. By the Gregorian rule, a year Y is a leap year if one of the following rules is valid:

  • Y is divisible by 4, but not by 100.

  • Y is divisible by 400.

Hence, 1996 is a leap year, 1900 is not, but 2000 is.

Date and Time Source

Local time is obtained from the Erlang BIF localtime/0. Universal time is computed from the BIF universaltime/0.

The following fapply:

  • There are 86400 seconds in a day.
  • There are 365 days in an ordinary year.
  • There are 366 days in a leap year.
  • There are 1461 days in a 4 year period.
  • There are 36524 days in a 100 year period.
  • There are 146097 days in a 400 year period.
  • There are 719528 days between Jan 1, 0 and Jan 1, 1970.

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