uri_string

Module

uri_string

Module Summary

URI processing functions.

Since

Module uri_string was introduced in OTP 21.0.

Description

This module contains functions for parsing and handling URIs (RFC 3986) and form-urlencoded query strings (HTML 5.2).

Parsing and serializing non-UTF-8 form-urlencoded query strings are also supported (HTML 5.0).

A URI is an identifier consisting of a sequence of characters matching the syntax rule named URI in RFC 3986.

The generic URI syntax consists of a hierarchical sequence of components referred to as the scheme, authority, path, query, and fragment:

    URI         = scheme ":" hier-part [ "?" query ] [ "#" fragment ]
    hier-part   = "//" authority path-abempty
                   / path-absolute
                   / path-rootless
                   / path-empty
    scheme      = ALPHA *( ALPHA / DIGIT / "+" / "-" / "." )
    authority   = [ userinfo "@" ] host [ ":" port ]
    userinfo    = *( unreserved / pct-encoded / sub-delims / ":" )

    reserved    = gen-delims / sub-delims
    gen-delims  = ":" / "/" / "?" / "#" / "[" / "]" / "@"
    sub-delims  = "!" / "$" / "&" / "'" / "(" / ")"
                / "*" / "+" / "," / ";" / "="

    unreserved  = ALPHA / DIGIT / "-" / "." / "_" / "~"

The interpretation of a URI depends only on the characters used and not on how those characters are represented in a network protocol.

The functions implemented by this module cover the following use cases:

Parsing URIs into its components and returing a map
parse/1
Recomposing a map of URI components into a URI string
recompose/1
Changing inbound binary and percent-encoding of URIs
transcode/2
Transforming URIs into a normalized form
normalize/1
normalize/2
Composing form-urlencoded query strings from a list of key-value pairs
compose_query/1
compose_query/2
Dissecting form-urlencoded query strings into a list of key-value pairs
dissect_query/1
Decoding percent-encoded triplets
percent_decode/1

There are four different encodings present during the handling of URIs:

Inbound binary encoding in binaries
Inbound percent-encoding in lists and binaries
Outbound binary encoding in binaries
Outbound percent-encoding in lists and binaries

Functions with uri_string() argument accept lists, binaries and mixed lists (lists with binary elements) as input type. All of the functions but transcode/2 expects input as lists of unicode codepoints, UTF-8 encoded binaries and UTF-8 percent-encoded URI parts ("%C3%B6" corresponds to the unicode character "ö").

Unless otherwise specified the return value type and encoding are the same as the input type and encoding. That is, binary input returns binary output, list input returns a list output but mixed input returns list output.

In case of lists there is only percent-encoding. In binaries, however, both binary encoding and percent-encoding shall be considered. transcode/2 provides the means to convert between the supported encodings, it takes a uri_string() and a list of options specifying inbound and outbound encodings.

RFC 3986 does not mandate any specific character encoding and it is usually defined by the protocol or surrounding text. This library takes the same assumption, binary and percent-encoding are handled as one configuration unit, they cannot be set to different values.

Data Types

error() = {error, atom(), term()}

Error tuple indicating the type of error. Possible values of the second component:

invalid_character
invalid_encoding
invalid_input
invalid_map
invalid_percent_encoding
invalid_scheme
invalid_uri
invalid_utf8
missing_value

The third component is a term providing additional information about the cause of the error.

uri_map() =
    #{fragment => unicode:chardata(),
      host => unicode:chardata(),
      path => unicode:chardata(),
      port => integer() >= 0 | undefined,
      query => unicode:chardata(),
      scheme => unicode:chardata(),
      userinfo => unicode:chardata()}

Map holding the main components of a URI.

uri_string() = iodata()

List of unicode codepoints, a UTF-8 encoded binary, or a mix of the two, representing an RFC 3986 compliant URI (percent-encoded form). A URI is a sequence of characters from a very limited set: the letters of the basic Latin alphabet, digits, and a few special characters.

Exports

allowed_characters() -> [{atom(), list()}]
OTP 23.2

This is a utility function meant to be used in the shell for printing the allowed characters in each major URI component, and also in the most important characters sets. Please note that this function does not replace the ABNF rules defined by the standards, these character sets are derived directly from those aformentioned rules. For more information see the Uniform Resource Identifiers chapter in stdlib's Users Guide.

compose_query(QueryList) -> QueryString
OTP 21.0

Types

QueryList = [{unicode:chardata(), unicode:chardata() | true}]

QueryString = uri_string() | error()

Composes a form-urlencoded QueryString based on a QueryList, a list of non-percent-encoded key-value pairs. Form-urlencoding is defined in section 4.10.21.6 of the HTML 5.2 specification and in section 4.10.22.6 of the HTML 5.0 specification for non-UTF-8 encodings.

See also the opposite operation dissect_query/1.

Example:

1> uri_string:compose_query([{"foo bar","1"},{"city","örebro"}]).
"foo+bar=1&city=%C3%B6rebro"
2> uri_string:compose_query([{<<"foo bar">>,<<"1">>},
2> {<<"city">>,<<"örebro"/utf8>>}]).
<<"foo+bar=1&city=%C3%B6rebro">>

compose_query(QueryList, Options) -> QueryString
OTP 21.0

Types

QueryList = [{unicode:chardata(), unicode:chardata() | true}]

Options = [{encoding, atom()}]

QueryString = uri_string() | error()

Same as compose_query/1 but with an additional Options parameter, that controls the encoding ("charset") used by the encoding algorithm. There are two supported encodings: utf8 (or unicode) and latin1.

Each character in the entry's name and value that cannot be expressed using the selected character encoding, is replaced by a string consisting of a U+0026 AMPERSAND character (&), a "#" (U+0023) character, one or more ASCII digits representing the Unicode code point of the character in base ten, and finally a ";" (U+003B) character.

Bytes that are out of the range 0x2A, 0x2D, 0x2E, 0x30 to 0x39, 0x41 to 0x5A, 0x5F, 0x61 to 0x7A, are percent-encoded (U+0025 PERCENT SIGN character (%) followed by uppercase ASCII hex digits representing the hexadecimal value of the byte).

See also the opposite operation dissect_query/1.

Example:

1> uri_string:compose_query([{"foo bar","1"},{"city","örebro"}],
1> [{encoding, latin1}]).
"foo+bar=1&city=%F6rebro"
2> uri_string:compose_query([{<<"foo bar">>,<<"1">>},
2> {<<"city">>,<<"東京"/utf8>>}], [{encoding, latin1}]).
<<"foo+bar=1&city=%26%2326481%3B%26%2320140%3B">>

dissect_query(QueryString) -> QueryList
OTP 21.0

Types

QueryString = uri_string()

QueryList =
[{unicode:chardata(), unicode:chardata() | true}] | error()

Dissects an urlencoded QueryString and returns a QueryList, a list of non-percent-encoded key-value pairs. Form-urlencoding is defined in section 4.10.21.6 of the HTML 5.2 specification and in section 4.10.22.6 of the HTML 5.0 specification for non-UTF-8 encodings.

See also the opposite operation compose_query/1.

Example:

1> uri_string:dissect_query("foo+bar=1&city=%C3%B6rebro").
[{"foo bar","1"},{"city","örebro"}]
2> uri_string:dissect_query(<<"foo+bar=1&city=%26%2326481%3B%26%2320140%3B">>).
[{<<"foo bar">>,<<"1">>},
 {<<"city">>,<<230,157,177,228,186,172>>}]

normalize(URI) -> NormalizedURI
OTP 21.0

Types

URI = uri_string() | uri_map()

NormalizedURI = uri_string() | error()

Transforms an URI into a normalized form using Syntax-Based Normalization as defined by RFC 3986.

This function implements case normalization, percent-encoding normalization, path segment normalization and scheme based normalization for HTTP(S) with basic support for FTP, SSH, SFTP and TFTP.

Example:

1> uri_string:normalize("/a/b/c/./../../g").
"/a/g"
2> uri_string:normalize(<<"mid/content=5/../6">>).
<<"mid/6">>
3> uri_string:normalize("http://localhost:80").
"http://localhost/"
4> uri_string:normalize(#{scheme => "http",port => 80,path => "/a/b/c/./../../g",
4> host => "localhost-örebro"}).
"http://localhost-%C3%B6rebro/a/g"

normalize(URI, Options) -> NormalizedURI
OTP 21.0

Types

URI = uri_string() | uri_map()

Options = [return_map]

NormalizedURI = uri_string() | uri_map() | error()

Same as normalize/1 but with an additional Options parameter, that controls whether the normalized URI shall be returned as an uri_map(). There is one supported option: return_map.

Example:

1> uri_string:normalize("/a/b/c/./../../g", [return_map]).
#{path => "/a/g"}
2> uri_string:normalize(<<"mid/content=5/../6">>, [return_map]).
#{path => <<"mid/6">>}
3> uri_string:normalize("http://localhost:80", [return_map]).
#{scheme => "http",path => "/",host => "localhost"}
4> uri_string:normalize(#{scheme => "http",port => 80,path => "/a/b/c/./../../g",
4> host => "localhost-örebro"}, [return_map]).
#{scheme => "http",path => "/a/g",host => "localhost-örebro"}

parse(URIString) -> URIMap
OTP 21.0

Types

URIString = uri_string()

URIMap = uri_map() | error()

Parses an RFC 3986 compliant uri_string() into a uri_map(), that holds the parsed components of the URI. If parsing fails, an error tuple is returned.

See also the opposite operation recompose/1.

Example:

1> uri_string:parse("foo://user@example.com:8042/over/there?name=ferret#nose").
#{fragment => "nose",host => "example.com",
  path => "/over/there",port => 8042,query => "name=ferret",
  scheme => foo,userinfo => "user"}
2> uri_string:parse(<<"foo://user@example.com:8042/over/there?name=ferret">>).
#{host => <<"example.com">>,path => <<"/over/there">>,
  port => 8042,query => <<"name=ferret">>,scheme => <<"foo">>,
  userinfo => <<"user">>}

percent_decode(URI) -> Result
OTP 23.2

Types

URI = uri_string() | uri_map()

Result =
    uri_string() |
    uri_map() |
    {error, {invalid, {atom(), {term(), term()}}}}

Decodes all percent-encoded triplets in the input that can be both a uri_string() and a uri_map(). Note, that this function performs raw decoding and it shall be used on already parsed URI components. Applying this function directly on a standard URI can effectively change it.

If the input encoding is not UTF-8, an error tuple is returned.

Example:

1> uri_string:percent_decode(#{host => "localhost-%C3%B6rebro",path => [],
1> scheme => "http"}).
#{host => "localhost-örebro",path => [],scheme => "http"}
2> uri_string:percent_decode(<<"%C3%B6rebro">>).
<<"örebro"/utf8>>

Warning

Using uri_string:percent_decode/1 directly on a URI is not safe. This example shows, that after each consecutive application of the function the resulting URI will be changed. None of these URIs refer to the same resource.

3> uri_string:percent_decode(<<"http://local%252Fhost/path">>).
<<"http://local%2Fhost/path">>
4> uri_string:percent_decode(<<"http://local%2Fhost/path">>).
<<"http://local/host/path">>

recompose(URIMap) -> URIString
OTP 21.0

Types

URIMap = uri_map()

URIString = uri_string() | error()

Creates an RFC 3986 compliant URIString (percent-encoded), based on the components of URIMap. If the URIMap is invalid, an error tuple is returned.

See also the opposite operation parse/1.

Example:

1> URIMap = #{fragment => "nose", host => "example.com", path => "/over/there",
1> port => 8042, query => "name=ferret", scheme => "foo", userinfo => "user"}.
#{fragment => "nose",host => "example.com",
  path => "/over/there",port => 8042,query => "name=ferret",
  scheme => "foo",userinfo => "user"}

2> uri_string:recompose(URIMap).
"foo://example.com:8042/over/there?name=ferret#nose"

resolve(RefURI, BaseURI) -> TargetURI
OTP 22.3

Types

RefURI = BaseURI = uri_string() | uri_map()

TargetURI = uri_string() | error()

Convert a RefURI reference that might be relative to a given base URI into the parsed components of the reference's target, which can then be recomposed to form the target URI.

Example:

1> uri_string:resolve("/abs/ol/ute", "http://localhost/a/b/c?q").
"http://localhost/abs/ol/ute"
2> uri_string:resolve("../relative", "http://localhost/a/b/c?q").
"http://localhost/a/relative"
3> uri_string:resolve("http://localhost/full", "http://localhost/a/b/c?q").
"http://localhost/full"
4> uri_string:resolve(#{path => "path", query => "xyz"}, "http://localhost/a/b/c?q").
"http://localhost/a/b/path?xyz"

resolve(RefURI, BaseURI, Options) -> TargetURI
OTP 22.3

Types

RefURI = BaseURI = uri_string() | uri_map()

Options = [return_map]

TargetURI = uri_string() | uri_map() | error()

Same as resolve/2 but with an additional Options parameter, that controls whether the target URI shall be returned as an uri_map(). There is one supported option: return_map.

Example:

1> uri_string:resolve("/abs/ol/ute", "http://localhost/a/b/c?q", [return_map]).
#{host => "localhost",path => "/abs/ol/ute",scheme => "http"}
2> uri_string:resolve(#{path => "/abs/ol/ute"}, #{scheme => "http",
2> host => "localhost", path => "/a/b/c?q"}, [return_map]).
#{host => "localhost",path => "/abs/ol/ute",scheme => "http"}

transcode(URIString, Options) -> Result
OTP 21.0

Types

URIString = uri_string()

Options =
[{in_encoding, unicode:encoding()} |
{out_encoding, unicode:encoding()}]

Result = uri_string() | error()

Transcodes an RFC 3986 compliant URIString, where Options is a list of tagged tuples, specifying the inbound (in_encoding) and outbound (out_encoding) encodings. in_encoding and out_encoding specifies both binary encoding and percent-encoding for the input and output data. Mixed encoding, where binary encoding is not the same as percent-encoding, is not supported. If an argument is invalid, an error tuple is returned.

Example:

1> uri_string:transcode(<<"foo%00%00%00%F6bar"/utf32>>,
1> [{in_encoding, utf32},{out_encoding, utf8}]).
<<"foo%C3%B6bar"/utf8>>
2> uri_string:transcode("foo%F6bar", [{in_encoding, latin1},
2> {out_encoding, utf8}]).
"foo%C3%B6bar"

uri_string

uri_string

Module

Module Summary

Since

Description

Data Types

error() = {error, atom(), term()}

uri_map() = #{fragment => unicode:chardata(), host => unicode:chardata(), path => unicode:chardata(), port => integer() >= 0 | undefined, query => unicode:chardata(), scheme => unicode:chardata(), userinfo => unicode:chardata()}

uri_string() = iodata()

Exports

allowed_characters() -> [{atom(), list()}]OTP 23.2

compose_query(QueryList) -> QueryStringOTP 21.0

Types

compose_query(QueryList, Options) -> QueryStringOTP 21.0

Types

dissect_query(QueryString) -> QueryListOTP 21.0

Types

normalize(URI) -> NormalizedURIOTP 21.0

Types

normalize(URI, Options) -> NormalizedURIOTP 21.0

Types

parse(URIString) -> URIMapOTP 21.0

Types

percent_decode(URI) -> ResultOTP 23.2

Types

recompose(URIMap) -> URIStringOTP 21.0

Types

resolve(RefURI, BaseURI) -> TargetURIOTP 22.3

Types

resolve(RefURI, BaseURI, Options) -> TargetURIOTP 22.3

Types

transcode(URIString, Options) -> ResultOTP 21.0

Types

uri_map() =
#{fragment => unicode:chardata(),
host => unicode:chardata(),
path => unicode:chardata(),
port => integer() >= 0 | undefined,
query => unicode:chardata(),
scheme => unicode:chardata(),
userinfo => unicode:chardata()}

allowed_characters() -> [{atom(), list()}]
OTP 23.2

compose_query(QueryList) -> QueryString
OTP 21.0

compose_query(QueryList, Options) -> QueryString
OTP 21.0

dissect_query(QueryString) -> QueryList
OTP 21.0

normalize(URI) -> NormalizedURI
OTP 21.0

normalize(URI, Options) -> NormalizedURI
OTP 21.0

parse(URIString) -> URIMap
OTP 21.0

percent_decode(URI) -> Result
OTP 23.2

recompose(URIMap) -> URIString
OTP 21.0

resolve(RefURI, BaseURI) -> TargetURI
OTP 22.3

resolve(RefURI, BaseURI, Options) -> TargetURI
OTP 22.3

transcode(URIString, Options) -> Result
OTP 21.0