View Source timer (stdlib v6.0)

Timer functions.

This module provides useful functions related to time. Unless otherwise stated, time is always measured in milliseconds. All timer functions return immediately, regardless of work done by another process.

Successful evaluations of the timer functions give return values containing a timer reference, denoted TRef. By using cancel/1, the returned reference can be used to cancel any requested action. A TRef is an Erlang term, which contents must not be changed.

The time-outs are not exact, but are at least as long as requested.

Creating timers using erlang:send_after/3 and erlang:start_timer/3 is more efficient than using the timers provided by this module. However, the timer module has been improved in OTP 25, making it more efficient and less susceptible to being overloaded. See the Timer Module section in the Efficiency Guide.

Examples

Example 1

The following example shows how to print "Hello World!" in 5 seconds:

1> timer:apply_after(5000, io, format, ["~nHello World!~n", []]).
{ok,TRef}
Hello World!

Example 2

The following example shows a process performing a certain action, and if this action is not completed within a certain limit, the process is killed:

Pid = spawn(mod, fun, [foo, bar]),
%% If pid is not finished in 10 seconds, kill him
{ok, R} = timer:kill_after(timer:seconds(10), Pid),
...
%% We change our mind...
timer:cancel(R),
...

Notes

A timer can always be removed by calling cancel/1.

An interval timer, that is, a timer created by evaluating any of the functions apply_interval/2, apply_interval/3, apply_interval/4, apply_repeatedly/2, apply_repeatedly/3, apply_repeatedly/4, send_interval/2, and send_interval/3 is linked to the process to which the timer performs its task.

A one-shot timer, that is, a timer created by evaluating any of the functions apply_after/2, apply_after/3, apply_after/4, send_after/2, send_after/3, exit_after/2, exit_after/3, kill_after/1, and kill_after/2 is not linked to any process. Hence, such a timer is removed only when it reaches its time-out, or if it is explicitly removed by a call to cancel/1.

The functions given to apply_after/2, apply_after/3, apply_interval/2, apply_interval/3, apply_repeatedly/2, and apply_repeatedly/3, or denoted by Module, Function and Arguments given to apply_after/4, apply_interval/4, and apply_repeatedly/4 are executed in a freshly-spawned process, and therefore calls to self/0 in those functions will return the Pid of this process, which is different from the process that called timer:apply_*.

Example

In the following example, the intention is to set a timer to execute a function after 1 second, which performs a fictional task, and then wants to inform the process which set the timer about its completion, by sending it a done message.

Using self/0 inside the timed function, the code below does not work as intended. The task gets done, but the done message gets sent to the wrong process and is lost.

1> timer:apply_after(1000, fun() -> do_something(), self() ! done end).
{ok,TRef}
2> receive done -> done after 5000 -> timeout end.
%% ... 5s pass...
timeout

The code below calls self/0 in the process which sets the timer and assigns it to a variable, which is then used in the function to send the done message to, and so works as intended.

1> Target = self()
<0.82.0>
2> timer:apply_after(1000, fun() -> do_something(), Target ! done end).
{ok,TRef}
3> receive done -> done after 5000 -> timeout end.
%% ... 1s passes...
done

Another option is to pass the message target as a parameter to the function.

1> timer:apply_after(1000, fun(Target) -> do_something(), Target ! done end, [self()]).
{ok,TRef}
2> receive done -> done after 5000 -> timeout end.
%% ... 1s passes...
done

Summary

Types

time()

Time in milliseconds.

tref()

A timer reference.

Functions

apply_after(Time, Function)

Evaluates spawn(erlang, apply, [Function, []]) after Time milliseconds.

apply_after(Time, Function, Arguments)

Evaluates spawn(erlang, apply, [Function, Arguments]) after Time milliseconds.

apply_after(Time, Module, Function, Arguments)

Evaluates spawn(Module, Function, Arguments) after Time milliseconds.

apply_interval(Time, Function)

Evaluates spawn(erlang, apply, [Function, []]) repeatedly at intervals of Time, irrespective of whether a previously spawned process has finished or not.

apply_interval(Time, Function, Arguments)

Evaluates spawn(erlang, apply, [Function, Arguments]) repeatedly at intervals of Time, irrespective of whether a previously spawned process has finished or not.

apply_interval(Time, Module, Function, Arguments)

Evaluates spawn(Module, Function, Arguments) repeatedly at intervals of Time, irrespective of whether a previously spawned process has finished or not.

apply_repeatedly(Time, Function)

Evaluates spawn(erlang, apply, [Function, []]) repeatedly at intervals of Time, waiting for the spawned process to finish before starting the next.

apply_repeatedly(Time, Function, Arguments)

Evaluates spawn(erlang, apply, [Function, Arguments]) repeatedly at intervals of Time, waiting for the spawned process to finish before starting the next.

apply_repeatedly(Time, Module, Function, Arguments)

Evaluates spawn(Module, Function, Arguments) repeatedly at intervals of Time, waiting for the spawned process to finish before starting the next.

cancel(TRef)

Cancels a previously requested time-out. TRef is a unique timer reference returned by the related timer function.

exit_after(Time, Reason1)

Equivalent to exit_after(Time, self(), Reason).

exit_after(Time, Target, Reason1)

Sends an exit signal with reason Reason1 to Target, which can be a local process identifier or an atom of a registered name.

hms(Hours, Minutes, Seconds)

Returns the number of milliseconds in Hours + Minutes + Seconds.

hours(Hours)

Returns the number of milliseconds in Hours.

kill_after(Time)

Equivalent to exit_after(Time, self(), kill).

kill_after(Time, Target)

Equivalent to exit_after(Time, Target, kill).

minutes(Minutes)

Returns the number of milliseconds in Minutes.

now_diff(T2, T1)

Calculates the time difference Tdiff = T2 - T1 in microseconds, where T1 and T2 are time-stamp tuples on the same format as returned from erlang:timestamp/0 or os:timestamp/0.

seconds(Seconds)

Returns the number of milliseconds in Seconds.

send_after(Time, Message)

Equivalent to send_after(Time, self(), Message).

send_after(Time, Destination, Message)

Evaluates Destination ! Message after Time milliseconds.

send_interval(Time, Message)

Equivalent to send_interval(Time, self(), Message).

send_interval(Time, Destination, Message)

Evaluates Destination ! Message repeatedly after Time milliseconds.

sleep(Time)

Suspends the process calling this function for Time milliseconds and then returns ok, or suspends the process forever if Time is the atom infinity. Naturally, this function does not return immediately.

start()

Starts the timer server.

tc(Fun)

Equivalent to tc(Fun, microsecond).

tc(Fun, ArgumentsOrTimeUnit)

Measures the execution time of Fun.

tc(ModuleOrFun, FunctionOrArguments, ArgumentsOrTimeUnit)

Measures the execution time of Fun or apply(Module, Function, Arguments).

tc(Module, Function, Arguments, TimeUnit)

Evaluates apply(Module, Function, Arguments) and measures the elapsed real time as reported by erlang:monotonic_time/0.

Types

time()

(not exported)

-type time() :: non_neg_integer().

Time in milliseconds.

tref()

-opaque tref()

A timer reference.

Functions

apply_after(Time, Function)

(since OTP 27.0)

-spec apply_after(Time, Function) -> {ok, TRef} | {error, Reason}
               when Time :: time(), Function :: fun(() -> _), TRef :: tref(), Reason :: term().

Evaluates spawn(erlang, apply, [Function, []]) after Time milliseconds.

apply_after(Time, Function, Arguments)

(since OTP 27.0)

-spec apply_after(Time, Function, Arguments) -> {ok, TRef} | {error, Reason}
               when
                   Time :: time(),
                   Function :: fun((...) -> _),
                   Arguments :: [term()],
                   TRef :: tref(),
                   Reason :: term().

Evaluates spawn(erlang, apply, [Function, Arguments]) after Time milliseconds.

apply_after(Time, Module, Function, Arguments)

-spec apply_after(Time, Module, Function, Arguments) -> {ok, TRef} | {error, Reason}
               when
                   Time :: time(),
                   Module :: module(),
                   Function :: atom(),
                   Arguments :: [term()],
                   TRef :: tref(),
                   Reason :: term().

Evaluates spawn(Module, Function, Arguments) after Time milliseconds.

apply_interval(Time, Function)

(since OTP 27.0)

-spec apply_interval(Time, Function) -> {ok, TRef} | {error, Reason}
                  when Time :: time(), Function :: fun(() -> _), TRef :: tref(), Reason :: term().

Evaluates spawn(erlang, apply, [Function, []]) repeatedly at intervals of Time, irrespective of whether a previously spawned process has finished or not.

apply_interval(Time, Function, Arguments)

(since OTP 27.0)

-spec apply_interval(Time, Function, Arguments) -> {ok, TRef} | {error, Reason}
                  when
                      Time :: time(),
                      Function :: fun((...) -> _),
                      Arguments :: [term()],
                      TRef :: tref(),
                      Reason :: term().

Evaluates spawn(erlang, apply, [Function, Arguments]) repeatedly at intervals of Time, irrespective of whether a previously spawned process has finished or not.

apply_interval(Time, Module, Function, Arguments)

-spec apply_interval(Time, Module, Function, Arguments) -> {ok, TRef} | {error, Reason}
                  when
                      Time :: time(),
                      Module :: module(),
                      Function :: atom(),
                      Arguments :: [term()],
                      TRef :: tref(),
                      Reason :: term().

Evaluates spawn(Module, Function, Arguments) repeatedly at intervals of Time, irrespective of whether a previously spawned process has finished or not.

Warning
If the execution time of the spawned process is, on average, greater than the given Time, multiple such processes will run at the same time. With long execution times, short intervals, and many interval timers running, this may even lead to exceeding the number of allowed processes. As an extreme example, consider [timer:apply_interval(1, timer, sleep, [1000]) || _ <- lists:seq(1, 1000)], that is, 1,000 interval timers executing a process that takes 1s to complete, started in intervals of 1ms, which would result in 1,000,000 processes running at the same time, far more than a node started with default settings allows (see the System Limits section in the Effiency Guide).

apply_repeatedly(Time, Function)

(since OTP 27.0)

-spec apply_repeatedly(Time, Function) -> {ok, TRef} | {error, Reason}
                    when
                        Time :: time(), Function :: fun(() -> _), TRef :: tref(), Reason :: term().

Evaluates spawn(erlang, apply, [Function, []]) repeatedly at intervals of Time, waiting for the spawned process to finish before starting the next.

apply_repeatedly(Time, Function, Arguments)

(since OTP 27.0)

-spec apply_repeatedly(Time, Function, Arguments) -> {ok, TRef} | {error, Reason}
                    when
                        Time :: time(),
                        Function :: fun((...) -> _),
                        Arguments :: [term()],
                        TRef :: tref(),
                        Reason :: term().

Evaluates spawn(erlang, apply, [Function, Arguments]) repeatedly at intervals of Time, waiting for the spawned process to finish before starting the next.

apply_repeatedly(Time, Module, Function, Arguments)

(since OTP 26.0)

-spec apply_repeatedly(Time, Module, Function, Arguments) -> {ok, TRef} | {error, Reason}
                    when
                        Time :: time(),
                        Module :: module(),
                        Function :: atom(),
                        Arguments :: [term()],
                        TRef :: tref(),
                        Reason :: term().

Evaluates spawn(Module, Function, Arguments) repeatedly at intervals of Time, waiting for the spawned process to finish before starting the next.

If the execution time of the spawned process is greater than the given Time, the next process is spawned immediately after the one currently running has finished. Assuming that execution times of the spawned processes performing the applies on average are smaller than Time, the amount of applies made over a large amount of time will be the same even if some individual execution times are larger than Time. The system will try to catch up as soon as possible. For example, if one apply takes 2.5*Time, the following two applies will be made immediately one after the other in sequence.

cancel(TRef)

-spec cancel(TRef) -> {ok, cancel} | {error, Reason} when TRef :: tref(), Reason :: term().

Cancels a previously requested time-out. TRef is a unique timer reference returned by the related timer function.

Returns {ok, cancel}, or {error, Reason} when TRef is not a timer reference.

exit_after(Time, Reason1)

-spec exit_after(Time, Reason1) -> {ok, TRef} | {error, Reason2}
              when Time :: time(), TRef :: tref(), Reason1 :: term(), Reason2 :: term().

Equivalent to exit_after(Time, self(), Reason).

exit_after(Time, Target, Reason1)

-spec exit_after(Time, Target, Reason1) -> {ok, TRef} | {error, Reason2}
              when
                  Time :: time(),
                  Target :: pid() | (RegName :: atom()),
                  TRef :: tref(),
                  Reason1 :: term(),
                  Reason2 :: term().

Sends an exit signal with reason Reason1 to Target, which can be a local process identifier or an atom of a registered name.

hms(Hours, Minutes, Seconds)

-spec hms(Hours, Minutes, Seconds) -> MilliSeconds
       when
           Hours :: non_neg_integer(),
           Minutes :: non_neg_integer(),
           Seconds :: non_neg_integer(),
           MilliSeconds :: non_neg_integer().

Returns the number of milliseconds in Hours + Minutes + Seconds.

hours(Hours)

-spec hours(Hours) -> MilliSeconds when Hours :: non_neg_integer(), MilliSeconds :: non_neg_integer().

Returns the number of milliseconds in Hours.

kill_after(Time)

-spec kill_after(Time) -> {ok, TRef} | {error, Reason2}
              when Time :: time(), TRef :: tref(), Reason2 :: term().

Equivalent to exit_after(Time, self(), kill).

kill_after(Time, Target)

-spec kill_after(Time, Target) -> {ok, TRef} | {error, Reason2}
              when
                  Time :: time(),
                  Target :: pid() | (RegName :: atom()),
                  TRef :: tref(),
                  Reason2 :: term().

Equivalent to exit_after(Time, Target, kill).

minutes(Minutes)

-spec minutes(Minutes) -> MilliSeconds
           when Minutes :: non_neg_integer(), MilliSeconds :: non_neg_integer().

Returns the number of milliseconds in Minutes.

now_diff(T2, T1)

-spec now_diff(T2, T1) -> Tdiff
            when T1 :: erlang:timestamp(), T2 :: erlang:timestamp(), Tdiff :: integer().

Calculates the time difference Tdiff = T2 - T1 in microseconds, where T1 and T2 are time-stamp tuples on the same format as returned from erlang:timestamp/0 or os:timestamp/0.

seconds(Seconds)

-spec seconds(Seconds) -> MilliSeconds
           when Seconds :: non_neg_integer(), MilliSeconds :: non_neg_integer().

Returns the number of milliseconds in Seconds.

send_after(Time, Message)

-spec send_after(Time, Message) -> {ok, TRef} | {error, Reason}
              when Time :: time(), Message :: term(), TRef :: tref(), Reason :: term().

Equivalent to send_after(Time, self(), Message).

send_after(Time, Destination, Message)

-spec send_after(Time, Destination, Message) -> {ok, TRef} | {error, Reason}
              when
                  Time :: time(),
                  Destination :: pid() | (RegName :: atom()) | {RegName :: atom(), Node :: node()},
                  Message :: term(),
                  TRef :: tref(),
                  Reason :: term().

Evaluates Destination ! Message after Time milliseconds.

Destination can be a remote or local process identifier, an atom of a registered name or a tuple {RegName, Node} for a registered name at another node.

send_interval(Time, Message)

-spec send_interval(Time, Message) -> {ok, TRef} | {error, Reason}
                 when Time :: time(), Message :: term(), TRef :: tref(), Reason :: term().

Equivalent to send_interval(Time, self(), Message).

send_interval(Time, Destination, Message)

-spec send_interval(Time, Destination, Message) -> {ok, TRef} | {error, Reason}
                 when
                     Time :: time(),
                     Destination ::
                         pid() | (RegName :: atom()) | {RegName :: atom(), Node :: node()},
                     Message :: term(),
                     TRef :: tref(),
                     Reason :: term().

Evaluates Destination ! Message repeatedly after Time milliseconds.

Destination can be a remote or local process identifier, an atom of a registered name or a tuple {RegName, Node} for a registered name at another node.

sleep(Time)

-spec sleep(Time) -> ok when Time :: timeout().

Note
Before OTP 25, timer:sleep/1 did not accept integer timeout values greater than 16#ffffffff, that is, 2^32-1. Since OTP 25, arbitrarily high integer values are accepted.

start()

-spec start() -> ok.

Starts the timer server.

Normally, the server does not need to be started explicitly. It is started dynamically if it is needed. This is useful during development, but in a target system the server is to be started explicitly. Use configuration parameters for Kernel for this.

tc(Fun)

(since OTP R14B03)

-spec tc(Fun) -> {Time, Value} when Fun :: function(), Time :: integer(), Value :: term().

Equivalent to tc(Fun, microsecond).

tc(Fun, ArgumentsOrTimeUnit)

(since OTP R14B)

-spec tc(Fun, Arguments) -> {Time, Value}
      when Fun :: function(), Arguments :: [term()], Time :: integer(), Value :: term();
  (Fun, TimeUnit) -> {Time, Value}
      when Fun :: function(), TimeUnit :: erlang:time_unit(), Time :: integer(), Value :: term().

Measures the execution time of Fun.

Equivalent to tc(Fun, Arguments, microsecond) if called as tc(Fun, Arguments).

Measures the execution time of Fun in TimeUnit if called as tc(Fun, TimeUnit). Added in OTP 26.0.

tc(ModuleOrFun, FunctionOrArguments, ArgumentsOrTimeUnit)

(since OTP R14B)

-spec tc(Module, Function, Arguments) -> {Time, Value}
      when
          Module :: module(),
          Function :: atom(),
          Arguments :: [term()],
          Time :: integer(),
          Value :: term();
  (Fun, Arguments, TimeUnit) -> {Time, Value}
      when
          Fun :: function(),
          Arguments :: [term()],
          TimeUnit :: erlang:time_unit(),
          Time :: integer(),
          Value :: term().

Measures the execution time of Fun or apply(Module, Function, Arguments).

Equivalent to tc(Module, Function, Arguments, microsecond) if called as tc(Module, Function, Arguments).

Equivalent to tc(erlang, apply, [Fun, Arguments], TimeUnit) if called as tc(Fun, Arguments, TimeUnit). Added in OTP 26.0

tc(Module, Function, Arguments, TimeUnit)

(since OTP 26.0)

-spec tc(Module, Function, Arguments, TimeUnit) -> {Time, Value}
      when
          Module :: module(),
          Function :: atom(),
          Arguments :: [term()],
          TimeUnit :: erlang:time_unit(),
          Time :: integer(),
          Value :: term().

Evaluates apply(Module, Function, Arguments) and measures the elapsed real time as reported by erlang:monotonic_time/0.

Returns {Time, Value}, where Time is the elapsed real time in the specified TimeUnit, and Value is what is returned from the apply.