View Source gen_server behaviour (stdlib v6.0)
Generic server behavior.
This behavior module provides the server of a client-server relation. A generic
server process (gen_server
) implemented using this module has a standard set
of interface functions and includes functionality for tracing and error
reporting. It also fits into an OTP supervision tree. For more information, see
section gen_server Behaviour in OTP Design
Principles.
A gen_server
process assumes all specific parts to be located in a callback
module exporting a predefined set of functions. The relationship between the
behavior functions and the callback functions is as follows:
gen_server module Callback module
----------------- ---------------
gen_server:start
gen_server:start_monitor
gen_server:start_link -----> Module:init/1
gen_server:stop -----> Module:terminate/2
gen_server:call
gen_server:send_request
gen_server:multi_call -----> Module:handle_call/3
gen_server:cast
gen_server:abcast -----> Module:handle_cast/2
- -----> Module:handle_info/2
- -----> Module:handle_continue/2
- -----> Module:terminate/2
- -----> Module:code_change/3
If a callback function fails or returns a bad value, the gen_server
process
terminates.
A gen_server
process handles system messages as described in sys
. The
sys
module can be used for debugging a gen_server
process.
Notice that a gen_server
process does not trap exit signals automatically,
this must be explicitly initiated in the callback module.
Unless otherwise stated, all functions in this module fail if the specified
gen_server
process does not exist or if bad arguments are specified.
The gen_server
process can go into hibernation (see erlang:hibernate/3
) if a
callback function specifies 'hibernate'
instead of a time-out value. This can
be useful if the server is expected to be idle for a long time. However, use
this feature with care, as hibernation implies at least two garbage collections
(when hibernating and shortly after waking up) and is not something you want to
do between each call to a busy server.
If the gen_server
process needs to perform an action immediately after
initialization or to break the execution of a callback into multiple steps, it
can return {continue,Continue}
in place of the time-out or hibernation value,
which will immediately invoke the handle_continue/2
callback.
If the gen_server
process terminates, e.g. as a result of a function in the
callback module returning {stop,Reason,NewState}
, an exit signal with this
Reason
is sent to linked processes and ports. See
Processes in the Reference Manual for
details regarding error handling using exit signals.
Note
For some important information about distributed signals, see the Blocking Signaling Over Distribution section in the Processes chapter of the Erlang Reference Manual. Blocking signaling can, for example, cause call timeouts in
gen_server
to be significantly delayed.
See Also
Summary
Types
Options that can be used when starting a gen_server
server through
enter_loop/3-5
or the start functions such as
start_link/3,4
.
A map that describes the gen_server
status.
Destination, given to the gen_server
as the first argument to the callback
function Module:handle_call/3
, to be used by the when
replying through reply/2
(instead of through the callback function's return
value) to the process Client
that has called the gen_server
using
call/2,3
. Tag
is a term that is unique for this call/request
instance.
A handle that associates a reply to the corresponding request.
An opaque request identifier. See send_request/2
for details.
An opaque collection of request identifiers (request_id/0
) where each
request identifier can be associated with a label chosen by the user. For more
information see reqids_new/0
.
Used to set a time limit on how long to wait for a response using either
receive_response/2
, receive_response/3
, wait_response/2
, or
wait_response/3
. The time unit used is millisecond
.
Name specification to use when starting a gen_server
.
Server specification to use when addressing a gen_server
.
Return value from the start_monitor/3,4
functions. The
same as type start_ret/0
except that for a succesful start it returns both
the process identifier Pid
and a monitor/2,3
reference/0
MonRef
.
Options that can be used when starting a gen_server
server through, for
example, start_link/3,4
.
Return value from the start/3,4
and
start_link/3,4
functions.
Callbacks
This function is called by a gen_server
process when it is to update its
internal state during a release upgrade/downgrade, that is, when the instruction
{update,Module,Change,...}
, is specified in the appup
file.
This function is called by a gen_server
process in in order to format/limit the
server state for debugging and logging purposes.
This function is called by a gen_server
process in in order to format/limit the
server state for debugging and logging purposes.
Whenever a gen_server
process receives a request sent using
call/2,3
, multi_call/2,3,4
or send_request/2,4
,
this function is called to handle the request.
Whenever a gen_server
process receives a request sent using cast/2
or
abcast/2,3
, this function is called to handle the request.
This function is called by a gen_server
process whenever a previous callback
returns one of the tuples containing {continue, Continue}
.
handle_continue/2
is invoked immediately after the
previous callback, which makes it useful for performing work after
initialization or for splitting the work in a callback in multiple steps,
updating the process state along the way.
This function is called by a gen_server
process when a time-out occurs or when
it receives any other message than a synchronous or asynchronous request (or a
system message).
Whenever a gen_server
process is started using start/3,4
,
start_monitor/3,4
, or start_link/3,4
,
this function is called by the new process to initialize.
This function is called by a gen_server
process when it is about to terminate.
Functions
Equivalent to abcast(Nodes, Name, Request)
where Nodes
is all nodes connected to the calling node, including the calling node.
Sends an asynchronous request to the gen_server
processes locally registered
as Name
at the specified nodes. The function returns immediately and ignores
nodes that do not exist, or where the gen_server
Name
does not exist. The
gen_server
processes call Module:handle_cast/2
to
handle the request.
Equivalent to call(ServerRef, Request, 5000)
Makes a synchronous call to the ServerRef
of the gen_server
process by
sending a request and waiting until a reply arrives or a time-out occurs. The
gen_server
process calls Module:handle_call/3
to handle
the request.
Sends an asynchronous request to the ServerRef
of the gen_server
process and
returns ok
immediately, ignoring if the destination node or gen_server
process does not exist. The gen_server
process calls
Module:handle_cast/2
to handle the request.
Check if Msg
is a response corresponding to the request identifier ReqId
.
The request must have been made by send_request/2
, and it must have been made
by the same process calling this function.
Check if Msg
is a response corresponding to a request identifier saved in
ReqIdCollection
. All request identifiers of ReqIdCollection
must correspond
to requests that have been made using send_request/2
or send_request/4
, and
all requests must have been made by the process calling this function.
Makes an existing process a gen_server
process.
Makes an existing process a gen_server
process.
Equivalent to multi_call(Nodes, Name, Request)
where Nodes
is all nodes connected to the calling node, including the calling node.
Makes a synchronous call to all gen_server
processes locally registered as
Name
at the specified nodes, by first sending the request to the nodes, and
then waiting for the replies. The gen_server
processes on the nodes call
Module:handle_call/3
to handle the request.
Receive a response corresponding to the request identifier ReqId
. The request
must have been made by send_request/2
, and it must have been made by the same
process calling this function.
Receive a response corresponding to a request identifier saved in
ReqIdCollection
. All request identifiers of ReqIdCollection
must correspond
to requests that have been made using send_request/2
or send_request/4
, and
all requests must have been made by the process calling this function.
This function can be used by a gen_server
process to explicitly send a reply
to a client that called call/2,3
or
multi_call/2,3,4
, when the reply cannot be passed in the
return value of Module:handle_call/3
.
Saves ReqId
and associates a Label
with the request identifier by adding
this information to ReqIdCollection
and returning the resulting request
identifier collection.
Returns a new empty request identifier collection. A request identifier collection can be utilized in order the handle multiple outstanding requests.
Returns the amount of request identifiers saved in ReqIdCollection
.
Returns a list of {ReqId, Label}
tuples which corresponds to all request
identifiers with their associated labels present in the ReqIdCollection
collection.
Sends an asynchronous call
request Request
to the gen_server
process
identified by ServerRef
and returns a request identifier ReqId
.
Sends an asynchronous call
request Request
to the gen_server
process
identified by ServerRef
. The Label
will be associated with the request
identifier of the operation and added to the returned request identifier
collection NewReqIdCollection
. The collection can later be used in order to
get one response corresponding to a request in the collection by passing the
collection as argument to receive_response/3
, wait_response/3
, or,
check_response/3
.
Equivalent to start/4
except that the gen_server
process is not
registered with any name service.
Creates a standalone gen_server
process, that is, a gen_server
process that
is not part of a supervision tree and thus has no supervisor.
Equivalent to start_link/4
except that the gen_server
process is not
registered with any name service.
Creates a gen_server
process as part of a supervision tree. This function is
to be called, directly or indirectly, by the supervisor. For example, it ensures
that the gen_server
process is spawned as linked to the caller (supervisor).
Equivalent to start_monitor/4
except that the gen_server
process is not
registered with any name service.
Creates a standalone gen_server
process, that is, a gen_server
process that
is not part of a supervision tree (and thus has no supervisor) and atomically
sets up a monitor to the newly created server.
Equivalent to stop(ServerRef, normal, infinity)
Orders the generic server specified by ServerRef
to exit with the specified
Reason
and waits for it to terminate. The gen_server
process calls Module:terminate/2
before exiting.
Wait for a response corresponding to the request identifier ReqId
. The request
must have been made by send_request/2
, and it must have been made by the same
process calling this function.
Wait for a response corresponding to a request identifier saved in
ReqIdCollection
. All request identifiers of ReqIdCollection
must correspond
to requests that have been made using send_request/2
or send_request/4
, and
all requests must have been made by the process calling this function.
Types
-type enter_loop_opt() :: {hibernate_after, HibernateAfterTimeout :: timeout()} | {debug, Dbgs :: [sys:debug_option()]}.
Options that can be used when starting a gen_server
server through
enter_loop/3-5
or the start functions such as
start_link/3,4
.
{hibernate_after,HibernateAfterTimeout}
- Specifies that thegen_server
process awaits any message forHibernateAfterTimeout
milliseconds and if no message is received, the process goes into hibernation automatically (by callingproc_lib:hibernate/3
).{debug,Dbgs}
- For every entry inDbgs
, the corresponding function insys
is called.
-type format_status() :: #{state => term(), message => term(), reason => term(), log => [sys:system_event()]}.
A map that describes the gen_server
status.
The keys are:
state
- The internal state of thegen_server
process.message
- The message that caused the server to terminate.reason
- The reason that caused the server to terminate.log
- The sys log of the server.
New associations may be added to the status map without prior notice.
Destination, given to the gen_server
as the first argument to the callback
function Module:handle_call/3
, to be used by the when
replying through reply/2
(instead of through the callback function's return
value) to the process Client
that has called the gen_server
using
call/2,3
. Tag
is a term that is unique for this call/request
instance.
-opaque reply_tag()
A handle that associates a reply to the corresponding request.
-opaque request_id()
An opaque request identifier. See send_request/2
for details.
-opaque request_id_collection()
An opaque collection of request identifiers (request_id/0
) where each
request identifier can be associated with a label chosen by the user. For more
information see reqids_new/0
.
Used to set a time limit on how long to wait for a response using either
receive_response/2
, receive_response/3
, wait_response/2
, or
wait_response/3
. The time unit used is millisecond
.
Currently valid values:
0..4294967295
- Timeout relative to current time in milliseconds.infinity
- Infinite timeout. That is, the operation will never time out.{abs, Timeout}
- An absolute Erlang monotonic time timeout in milliseconds. That is, the operation will time out whenerlang:monotonic_time(millisecond)
returns a value larger than or equal toTimeout
.Timeout
is not allowed to identify a time further into the future than4294967295
milliseconds. Identifying the timeout using an absolute timeout value is especially handy when you have a deadline for responses corresponding to a complete collection of requests (request_id_collection/0
) , since you do not have to recalculate the relative time until the deadline over and over again.
-type server_name() :: {local, LocalName :: atom()} | {global, GlobalName :: term()} | {via, RegMod :: module(), ViaName :: term()}.
Name specification to use when starting a gen_server
.
See functions start/3,4
, start_link/3,4
,
start_monitor/3,4
, enter_loop/3,4,5
,
and the type server_ref/0
.
{local,LocalName}
- Register thegen_server
locally asLocalName
usingregister/2
.{global,GlobalName}
- Register thegen_server
process id globally asGlobalName
usingglobal:register_name/2
.{via,RegMod,ViaName}
- Register thegen_server
process with the registry represented byRegMod
. TheRegMod
callback is to export the functionsregister_name/2
,unregister_name/1
,whereis_name/1
, andsend/2
, which are to behave like the corresponding functions inglobal
. Thus,{via,global,GlobalName}
is a valid reference equivalent to{global,GlobalName}
.
-type server_ref() :: pid() | (LocalName :: atom()) | {Name :: atom(), Node :: atom()} | {global, GlobalName :: term()} | {via, RegMod :: module(), ViaName :: term()}.
Server specification to use when addressing a gen_server
.
See call/2,3
, cast/2
, send_request/2
, check_response/2
,
wait_response/2
, stop/2,3
and the type server_name/0
.
It can be:
pid/0
- Thegen_server
's process identifier.LocalName
- Thegen_server
is locally registered asLocalName
withregister/2
.{Name,Node}
- Thegen_server
is locally registered on another node.{global,GlobalName}
- Thegen_server
is globally registered inglobal
.{via,RegMod,ViaName}
- Thegen_server
is registered in an alternative process registry. The registry callback moduleRegMod
is to export functionsregister_name/2
,unregister_name/1
,whereis_name/1
, andsend/2
, which are to behave like the corresponding functions inglobal
. Thus,{via,global,GlobalName}
is the same as{global,GlobalName}
.
-type start_mon_ret() :: {ok, {Pid :: pid(), MonRef :: reference()}} | ignore | {error, Reason :: term()}.
Return value from the start_monitor/3,4
functions. The
same as type start_ret/0
except that for a succesful start it returns both
the process identifier Pid
and a monitor/2,3
reference/0
MonRef
.
-type start_opt() :: {timeout, Timeout :: timeout()} | {spawn_opt, SpawnOptions :: [proc_lib:spawn_option()]} | enter_loop_opt().
Options that can be used when starting a gen_server
server through, for
example, start_link/3,4
.
{timeout,Timeout}
- How many milliseconds thegen_server
process is allowed to spend initializing or it is terminated and the start function returns{error,timeout}
.{spawn_opt,SpawnOptions}
- TheSpawnOptions
option list is passed to the function used to spawn thegen_server
; seespawn_opt/2
.Note
Using spawn option
monitor
is not allowed, it causes abadarg
failure.enter_loop_opt/0
- See the typeenter_loop_opt/0
below for more start options that are also allowed byenter_loop/3,4,5
.
Return value from the start/3,4
and
start_link/3,4
functions.
{ok,Pid}
- Thegen_server
process was succesfully created and initialized, with the process identifierPid
.{error,{already_started,OtherPid}}
- A process with the specifiedServerName
exists already with the process identifierOtherPid
. Thisgen_server
was not started, or rather exited with reasonnormal
before callingModule:init/1
.{error,timeout}
- Thegen_server
process failed to initialize sinceModule:init/1
did not return within the start timeout. Thegen_server
process was killed withexit(_, kill)
.ignore
- Thegen_server
process failed to initialize sinceModule:init/1
returnedignore
.{error,Reason}
- Thegen_server
process failed to initialize sinceModule:init/1
returned{stop,Reason}
,{error,Reason}
, or it failed with reasonReason
.
See Module:init/1
about the exit reason for the gen_server
process when it fails to initialize.
Callbacks
-callback code_change(OldVsn :: term() | {down, term()}, State :: term(), Extra :: term()) -> {ok, NewState :: term()} | {error, Reason :: term()}.
This function is called by a gen_server
process when it is to update its
internal state during a release upgrade/downgrade, that is, when the instruction
{update,Module,Change,...}
, is specified in the appup
file.
For more information, see section Release Handling Instructions in OTP Design Principles.
For an upgrade, OldVsn
is Vsn
, and for a downgrade, OldVsn
is
{down,Vsn}
. Vsn
is defined by the vsn
attribute(s) of the old version of
the callback module Module
. If no such attribute is defined, the version is
the checksum of the Beam file.
State
is the internal state of the gen_server
process.
Extra
is passed "as is" from the {advanced,Extra}
part of the update
instruction.
If successful, the function must return the updated internal state.
If the function returns {error,Reason}
, the ongoing upgrade fails and rolls
back to the old release.
Note
If a release upgrade/downgrade with
Change={advanced,Extra}
specified in the.appup
file is made whencode_change/3
isn't implemented the event handler will crash with anundef
error reason.
-callback format_status(Status) -> NewStatus when Status :: format_status(), NewStatus :: format_status().
This function is called by a gen_server
process in in order to format/limit the
server state for debugging and logging purposes.
It is called in the following situations:
sys:get_status/1,2
is invoked to get thegen_server
status.- The
gen_server
process terminates abnormally and logs an error.
This callback is used to limit the status of the process returned by
sys:get_status/1,2
or sent to logger
.
The callback gets a map Status
describing the current status and shall return
a map NewStatus
with the same keys, but it may transform some values.
Two possible use cases for this callback is to remove sensitive information from the state to prevent it from being printed in log files, or to compact large irrelevant status items that would only clutter the logs.
Example:
format_status(Status) ->
maps:map(
fun(state,State) ->
maps:remove(private_key, State);
(message,{password, _Pass}) ->
{password, removed};
(_,Value) ->
Value
end, Status).
Note
This callback is optional, so callback modules need not export it. The
gen_server
module provides a default implementation of this function that returns the callback module state.If this callback is exported but fails, to hide possibly sensitive data, the default function will instead return the fact that
format_status/1
has crashed.
-callback format_status(Opt, StatusData) -> Status when Opt :: normal | terminate, StatusData :: [PDict | State], PDict :: [{Key :: term(), Value :: term()}], State :: term(), Status :: term().
This function is called by a gen_server
process in in order to format/limit the
server state for debugging and logging purposes.
It is called in the following situations:
- One of
sys:get_status/1,2
is invoked to get thegen_server
status.Opt
is set to the atomnormal
. - The
gen_server
process terminates abnormally and logs an error.Opt
is set to the atomterminate
.
This function is useful for changing the form and appearance of the gen_server
status for these cases. A callback module wishing to change the
sys:get_status/1,2
return value, as well as how its status appears in
termination error logs, exports an instance of
format_status/2
that returns a term describing the
current status of the gen_server
process.
PDict
is the current value of the process dictionary of the gen_server
process..
State
is the internal state of the gen_server
process.
The function is to return Status
, a term that changes the details of the
current state and status of the gen_server
process. There are no restrictions
on the form Status
can take, but for the sys:get_status/1,2
case (when Opt
is normal
), the recommended form for the Status
value is
[{data, [{"State", Term}]}]
, where Term
provides relevant details of the
gen_server
state. Following this recommendation is not required, but it makes
the callback module status consistent with the rest of the sys:get_status/1,2
return value.
One use for this function is to return compact alternative state representations to avoid that large state terms are printed in log files.
Note
This callback is optional, so callback modules need not export it. The
gen_server
module provides a default implementation of this function that returns the callback module state.
-callback handle_call(Request :: term(), From :: from(), State :: term()) -> {reply, Reply :: term(), NewState :: term()} | {reply, Reply :: term(), NewState :: term(), timeout() | hibernate | {continue, term()}} | {noreply, NewState :: term()} | {noreply, NewState :: term(), timeout() | hibernate | {continue, term()}} | {stop, Reason :: term(), Reply :: term(), NewState :: term()} | {stop, Reason :: term(), NewState :: term()}.
Whenever a gen_server
process receives a request sent using
call/2,3
, multi_call/2,3,4
or send_request/2,4
,
this function is called to handle the request.
State
is the internal state of the gen_server
process, and NewState
a
possibly updated one.
Request
is passed from the same argument provided to call
or multi_call
.
The return value Result
is interpreted as follows:
{reply,Reply,NewState}
{reply,Reply,NewState,_}
TheReply
value is sent back to the client request and there becomes its return value.The
gen_server
process continues executing with the possibly updated internal stateNewState
.{noreply,NewState}
{noreply,NewState,_}
Thegen_server
process continues executing with the possibly updated internal stateNewState
.A reply to the client request has to be created by calling
reply(From, Reply)
, either in this or in a later callback.{reply,_,_,Timeout}
{noreply,_,Timeout}
If an integerTimeout
is provided, a time-out occurs unless a request or a message is received within that many milliseconds. A time-out is represented by the atomtimeout
to be handled by theModule:handle_info/2
callback function.Timeout =:= infinity
can be used to wait indefinitely, which is the same as returning a value without aTimeout
member.{reply,_,_,hibernate}
{noreply,_,hibernate}
The process goes into hibernation waiting for the next message to arrive (by callingproc_lib:hibernate/3
).{reply,_,_,{continue,Continue}}
{noreply,_,{continue,Continue}}
The process will execute theModule:handle_continue/2
callback function, withContinue
as the first argument.{stop,Reason,NewState}
{stop,Reason,Reply,NewState}
Thegen_server
process will callModule:terminate(Reason,NewState)
and then terminate.{stop,_,Reply,_}
will create a reply to the client request just as{reply,Reply,...}
while{stop,_,_}
will not, so just as for{noreply,NewState,...}
a reply has to be created by callingreply(From, Reply)
before returning{stop,_,_}
.
-callback handle_cast(Request :: term(), State :: term()) -> {noreply, NewState :: term()} | {noreply, NewState :: term(), timeout() | hibernate | {continue, term()}} | {stop, Reason :: term(), NewState :: term()}.
Whenever a gen_server
process receives a request sent using cast/2
or
abcast/2,3
, this function is called to handle the request.
For a description of the arguments and possible return values, see
Module:handle_call/3
.
-callback handle_continue(Info :: term(), State :: term()) -> {noreply, NewState :: term()} | {noreply, NewState :: term(), timeout() | hibernate | {continue, term()}} | {stop, Reason :: term(), NewState :: term()}.
This function is called by a gen_server
process whenever a previous callback
returns one of the tuples containing {continue, Continue}
.
handle_continue/2
is invoked immediately after the
previous callback, which makes it useful for performing work after
initialization or for splitting the work in a callback in multiple steps,
updating the process state along the way.
For a description of the other arguments and possible return values, see
Module:handle_call/3
.
Note
This callback is optional, so callback modules need to export it only if they return one of the tuples containing
{continue,Continue}
from another callback. If such a{continue,_}
tuple is used and the callback is not implemented, the process will exit withundef
error.
-callback handle_info(Info :: timeout | term(), State :: term()) -> {noreply, NewState :: term()} | {noreply, NewState :: term(), timeout() | hibernate | {continue, term()}} | {stop, Reason :: term(), NewState :: term()}.
This function is called by a gen_server
process when a time-out occurs or when
it receives any other message than a synchronous or asynchronous request (or a
system message).
Info
is either the atom timeout
, if a time-out has occurred, or the received
message.
For a description of the other arguments and possible return values, see
Module:handle_call/3
.
Note
This callback is optional, so callback modules need not export it. The
gen_server
module provides a default implementation of this function that logs about the unexpectedInfo
message, drops it and returns{noreply, State}
.
-callback init(Args :: term()) -> {ok, State :: term()} | {ok, State :: term(), timeout() | hibernate | {continue, term()}} | {stop, Reason :: term()} | ignore | {error, Reason :: term()}.
Whenever a gen_server
process is started using start/3,4
,
start_monitor/3,4
, or start_link/3,4
,
this function is called by the new process to initialize.
Args
is the Args
argument provided to the start function.
The return value Result
is interpreted as follows:
{ok,State}
{ok,State,_}
Initialization was succesful andState
is the internal state of thegen_server
process.{ok,_,Timeout}
{ok,_,hibernate}
{ok,_,{continue,Continue}}
See the corresponding return values fromModule:handle_call/3
for a description of this tuple member.{stop,Reason}
Initialization failed. Thegen_server
process exits with reasonReason
.{error,Reason}
ignore
Initialization failed. Thegen_server
process exits with reasonnormal
.{error,Reason}
was introduced in OTP 26.0.
See function start_link/3,4
's return value start_ret/0
in these different cases.
-callback terminate(Reason :: normal | shutdown | {shutdown, term()} | term(), State :: term()) -> term().
This function is called by a gen_server
process when it is about to terminate.
It is to be the opposite of Module:init/1
and do any necessary
cleaning up. When it returns, the gen_server
process terminates with Reason
.
The return value is ignored.
Reason
is a term denoting the stop reason and State
is the internal state of
the gen_server
process.
Reason
depends on why the gen_server
process is terminating. If it is
because another callback function has returned a stop tuple {stop,..}
,
Reason
has the value specified in that tuple. If it is because of a failure,
Reason
is the error reason.
If the gen_server
process is part of a supervision tree and is ordered by its
supervisor to terminate, this function is called with Reason=shutdown
if the
following conditions apply:
- The
gen_server
process has been set to trap exit signals. - The shutdown strategy as defined in the child specification of the supervisor
is an integer time-out value, not
brutal_kill
.
Even if the gen_server
process is not part of a supervision tree, this
function is called if it receives an 'EXIT'
message from its parent. Reason
is the same as in the 'EXIT'
message.
Otherwise, the gen_server
process terminates immediately.
Notice that for any other reason than normal
, shutdown
, or
{shutdown,Term}
, see stop/3
, the gen_server
process is assumed to
terminate because of an error, and an error report is issued using logger
.
When the gen_server process exits, an exit signal with the same reason is sent to linked processes and ports.
Note
This callback is optional, so callback modules need not export it. The
gen_server
module provides a default implementation without cleanup.
Functions
Equivalent to abcast(Nodes, Name, Request)
where Nodes
is all nodes connected to the calling node, including the calling node.
Sends an asynchronous request to the gen_server
processes locally registered
as Name
at the specified nodes. The function returns immediately and ignores
nodes that do not exist, or where the gen_server
Name
does not exist. The
gen_server
processes call Module:handle_cast/2
to
handle the request.
For a description of the arguments, see multi_call/2,3,4
.
-spec call(ServerRef :: server_ref(), Request :: term()) -> Reply :: term().
Equivalent to call(ServerRef, Request, 5000)
-spec call(ServerRef :: server_ref(), Request :: term(), Timeout :: timeout()) -> Reply :: term().
Makes a synchronous call to the ServerRef
of the gen_server
process by
sending a request and waiting until a reply arrives or a time-out occurs. The
gen_server
process calls Module:handle_call/3
to handle
the request.
See also ServerRef
's type server_ref/0
.
Request
is any term that is passed as the first argument to
Module:handle_call/3
.
Timeout
is an integer that specifies how many milliseconds to wait for a
reply, or the atom infinity
to wait indefinitely. If no
reply is received within the specified time, this function exits the calling
process with an exit term containing Reason = timeout
as described below.
Note
Before OTP 24, if the caller uses (
try
...)catch
to avoid process exit, and the server happens to just be late with the reply, it may arrive to the process message queue any time later. The calling process must therefore after catching a time-out exit be prepared to receive garbage message(s) on the form{reference(), _}
and deal with them appropriately (discard them) so they do not clog the process message queue or gets mistaken for other messages.Starting with OTP 24,
gen_server:call
uses process aliases, so late replies will not be received.
The return value Reply
is passed from the return value of
Module:handle_call/3
.
This call may exit the calling process with an exit term on the form
{Reason, Location}
where Location = {gen_server,call,ArgList}
and Reason
can be (at least) one of:
timeout
- The call was aborted after waitingTimeout
milliseconds for a reply, as described above.noproc
- TheServerRef
refers to a server by name (it is not apid/0
) and looking up the server process failed, or thepid/0
was already terminated.{nodedown,Node}
- TheServerRef
refers to a server on the remote nodeNode
and the connection to that node failed.calling_self
- A call toself/0
would hang indefinitely.shutdown
The server was stopped during the call by its supervisor. See alsostop/3
.normal
{shutdown,Term}
The server stopped during the call by returning{stop,Reason,_}
from one of its callbacks without replying to this call. See alsostop/3
._OtherTerm
- The server process exited during the call, with reasonReason
. Either by returning{stop,Reason,_}
from one of its callbacks (without replying to this call), by raising an exception, or due to getting an exit signal it did not trap.
-spec cast(ServerRef :: server_ref(), Request :: term()) -> ok.
Sends an asynchronous request to the ServerRef
of the gen_server
process and
returns ok
immediately, ignoring if the destination node or gen_server
process does not exist. The gen_server
process calls
Module:handle_cast/2
to handle the request.
See also ServerRef
's type server_ref/0
.
Request
is any term that is passed as the first argument to
Module:handle_cast/2
.
-spec check_response(Msg, ReqId) -> Result when Msg :: term(), ReqId :: request_id(), Response :: {reply, Reply :: term()} | {error, {Reason :: term(), server_ref()}}, Result :: Response | no_reply.
Check if Msg
is a response corresponding to the request identifier ReqId
.
The request must have been made by send_request/2
, and it must have been made
by the same process calling this function.
If Msg
is a response corresponding to ReqId
the response is returned;
otherwise, no_reply
is returned and no cleanup is done, and thus the function
must be invoked repeatedly until a response is returned.
The return value Reply
is passed from the return value of
Module:handle_call/3
.
The function returns an error if the gen_server
died before a reply was sent.
-spec check_response(Msg, ReqIdCollection, Delete) -> Result when Msg :: term(), ReqIdCollection :: request_id_collection(), Delete :: boolean(), Response :: {reply, Reply :: term()} | {error, {Reason :: term(), server_ref()}}, Result :: {Response, Label :: term(), NewReqIdCollection :: request_id_collection()} | no_request | no_reply.
Check if Msg
is a response corresponding to a request identifier saved in
ReqIdCollection
. All request identifiers of ReqIdCollection
must correspond
to requests that have been made using send_request/2
or send_request/4
, and
all requests must have been made by the process calling this function.
The Label
in the response equals the Label
associated with the request
identifier that the response corresponds to. The Label
of a request identifier
is associated when saving the request id in a request
identifier collection, or when sending the request using send_request/4
.
Compared to check_response/2
, the returned result associated with a specific
request identifier or an exception associated with a specific request identifier
will be wrapped in a 3-tuple. The first element of this tuple equals the value
that would have been produced by check_response/2
, the
second element equals the Label
associated with the specific request
identifier, and the third element NewReqIdCollection
is a possibly modified
request identifier collection.
If ReqIdCollection
is empty, the atom no_request
will be returned. If Msg
does not correspond to any of the request identifiers in ReqIdCollection
, the
atom no_reply
is returned.
If Delete
equals true
, the association with Label
will have been deleted
from ReqIdCollection
in the resulting NewReqIdCollection
. If Delete
equals
false
, NewReqIdCollection
will equal ReqIdCollection
. Note that deleting
an association is not for free and that a collection containing already handled
requests can still be used by subsequent calls to
check_response/3
, receive_response/3
, and
wait_response/3
. However, without deleting handled associations, the above
calls will not be able to detect when there are no more outstanding requests to
handle, so you will have to keep track of this some other way than relying on a
no_request
return. Note that if you pass a collection only containing
associations of already handled or abandoned requests to
check_response/3
, it will always return no_reply
.
-spec enter_loop(Module :: module(), Options :: [enter_loop_opt()], State :: term()) -> no_return().
Equivalent to enter_loop(Mod, Options, State, self())
-spec enter_loop(Module :: module(), Options :: [enter_loop_opt()], State :: term(), ServerName :: server_name() | pid()) -> no_return(); (Module :: module(), Options :: [enter_loop_opt()], State :: term(), How :: timeout() | hibernate | {continue, term()}) -> no_return().
Makes an existing process a gen_server
process.
Equivalent to enter_loop(Module, Options, State, ServerName, infinity)
if
called as enter_loop(Module, Options, State, ServerName)
.
Equivalent to enter_loop(Module, Options, State, self(), How)
if
called as enter_loop(Module, Options, State, How)
.
-spec enter_loop(Module :: module(), Options :: [enter_loop_opt()], State :: term(), ServerName :: server_name() | pid(), Timeout :: timeout()) -> no_return(); (Module :: module(), Options :: [enter_loop_opt()], State :: term(), ServerName :: server_name() | pid(), Hibernate :: hibernate) -> no_return(); (Module :: module(), Options :: [enter_loop_opt()], State :: term(), ServerName :: server_name() | pid(), Cont :: {continue, term()}) -> no_return().
Makes an existing process a gen_server
process.
Does not return, instead the calling process enters the gen_server
process
receive loop and becomes a gen_server
process. The process must have been
started using one of the start functions in proc_lib
. The user is responsible
for any initialization of the process, including registering a name for it.
This function is useful when a more complex initialization procedure is needed
than the gen_server
process behavior provides.
Module
, Options
, and ServerName
have the same meanings as when calling
start[_link|_monitor]/3,4
or it can be self/0
for an
anonymous server, which is the same as calling an enter_loop/3,4
function
without a ServerName
argument. However, if ServerName
is specified (and not
as self/0
), the process must have been registered accordingly before this
function is called.
State
, Timeout
, Hibernate
and Cont
have the same meanings as in the
return value of Module:init/1
, which is not called when
enter_loop/3,4,5
is used. Note that to adhere to the
gen_server Behaviour such a callback
function needs to be defined, and it might as well be the one used when starting
the gen_server
process through proc_lib
, and then be the one that calls
enter_loop/3,4,5
. But if such a Module:init/1
function in for
example error cases cannot call enter_loop/3,4,5
, it should return a value
that follows the type specification for Module:init/1
such as
ignore
, although that value will be lost when returning to the spawning
function.
This function fails if the calling process was not started by a proc_lib
start
function, or if it is not registered according to ServerName
.
-spec multi_call(Name :: atom(), Request :: term()) -> {Replies :: [{Node :: node(), Reply :: term()}], BadNodes :: [node()]}.
Equivalent to multi_call(Nodes, Name, Request)
where Nodes
is all nodes connected to the calling node, including the calling node.
-spec multi_call(Nodes :: [node()], Name :: atom(), Request :: term()) -> {Replies :: [{Node :: node(), Reply :: term()}], BadNodes :: [node()]}.
Equivalent to multi_call(Nodes, Name, Request, infinity)
-spec multi_call(Nodes :: [node()], Name :: atom(), Request :: term(), Timeout :: timeout()) -> {Replies :: [{Node :: node(), Reply :: term()}], BadNodes :: [node()]}.
Makes a synchronous call to all gen_server
processes locally registered as
Name
at the specified nodes, by first sending the request to the nodes, and
then waiting for the replies. The gen_server
processes on the nodes call
Module:handle_call/3
to handle the request.
The function returns a tuple {Replies,BadNodes}
, where Replies
is a list of
{Node,Reply}
tuples, and BadNodes
is a list of nodes that either did not
exist, where Name
was not a registered gen_server
, or where it did not
reply.
Nodes
is a list of node names to which the request is to be sent.
Name
is the locally registered name for each gen_server
process.
Request
is any term that is passed as the first argument to
Module:handle_call/3
.
Timeout
is an integer that specifies how many milliseconds to wait for all
replies, or the atom infinity
to wait indefinitely. If
no reply is received from a node within the specified time, the node is added to
BadNodes
.
When a reply Reply
is received from the gen_server
process at a node Node
,
{Node,Reply}
is added to Replies
. Reply
is passed from the return value of
Module:handle_call/3
.
Warning
If one of the nodes cannot process monitors, for example, C or Java nodes, and the
gen_server
process is not started when the requests are sent, but starts within 2 seconds, this function waits the wholeTimeout
, which may be infinity.This problem does not exist if all nodes are Erlang nodes.
To prevent late answers (after the time-out) from polluting the message queue of the caller, a middleman process is used to do the calls. Late answers are then discarded when they arrive to a terminated process.
-spec receive_response(ReqId, Timeout) -> Result when ReqId :: request_id(), Timeout :: response_timeout(), Response :: {reply, Reply :: term()} | {error, {Reason :: term(), server_ref()}}, Result :: Response | timeout.
Receive a response corresponding to the request identifier ReqId
. The request
must have been made by send_request/2
, and it must have been made by the same
process calling this function.
Timeout
specifies how long to wait for a response. If no response is received
within the specified time, the function returns timeout
. Assuming that the
server executes on a node supporting aliases (introduced in OTP 24) the request
will also be abandoned. That is, no response will be received after a timeout.
Otherwise, a stray response might be received at a later time.
The return value Reply
is passed from the return value of
Module:handle_call/3
.
The function returns an error if the gen_server
died before a reply was sent.
The difference between receive_response/2
and
wait_response/2
is that receive_response/2
abandons
the request at timeout so that a potential future response is ignored, while
wait_response/2
does not.
receive_response(ReqIdCollection, Timeout, Delete)
View Source (since OTP 25.0)-spec receive_response(ReqIdCollection, Timeout, Delete) -> Result when ReqIdCollection :: request_id_collection(), Timeout :: response_timeout(), Delete :: boolean(), Response :: {reply, Reply :: term()} | {error, {Reason :: term(), server_ref()}}, Result :: {Response, Label :: term(), NewReqIdCollection :: request_id_collection()} | no_request | timeout.
Receive a response corresponding to a request identifier saved in
ReqIdCollection
. All request identifiers of ReqIdCollection
must correspond
to requests that have been made using send_request/2
or send_request/4
, and
all requests must have been made by the process calling this function.
The Label
in the response equals the Label
associated with the request
identifier that the response corresponds to. The Label
of a request identifier
is associated when adding the request id in a request
identifier collection, or when sending the request using send_request/4
.
Compared to receive_response/2
, the returned result associated with a specific
request identifier will be wrapped in a 3-tuple. The first element of this tuple
equals the value that would have been produced by
receive_response/2
, the second element equals the
Label
associated with the specific request identifier, and the third element
NewReqIdCollection
is a possibly modified request identifier collection.
If ReqIdCollection
is empty, the atom no_request
will be returned.
Timeout
specifies how long to wait for a response. If no response is received
within the specified time, the function returns timeout
. Assuming that the
server executes on a node supporting aliases (introduced in OTP 24) all requests
identified by ReqIdCollection
will also be abandoned. That is, no responses
will be received after a timeout. Otherwise, stray responses might be received
at a later time.
The difference between receive_response/3
and
wait_response/3
is that receive_response/3
abandons
the requests at timeout so that potential future responses are ignored, while
wait_response/3
does not.
If Delete
equals true
, the association with Label
will have been deleted
from ReqIdCollection
in the resulting NewReqIdCollection
. If Delete
equals
false
, NewReqIdCollection
will equal ReqIdCollection
. Note that deleting
an association is not for free and that a collection containing already handled
requests can still be used by subsequent calls to
receive_response/3
, check_response/3
, and
wait_response/3
. However, without deleting handled associations, the above
calls will not be able to detect when there are no more outstanding requests to
handle, so you will have to keep track of this some other way than relying on a
no_request
return. Note that if you pass a collection only containing
associations of already handled or abandoned requests to
receive_response/3
, it will always block until a
timeout determined by Timeout
is triggered.
This function can be used by a gen_server
process to explicitly send a reply
to a client that called call/2,3
or
multi_call/2,3,4
, when the reply cannot be passed in the
return value of Module:handle_call/3
.
Client
must be the From
argument provided to the handle_call
callback
function. Reply
is any term passed back to the client as the return value of
call/2,3
or multi_call/2,3,4
.
-spec reqids_add(ReqId :: request_id(), Label :: term(), ReqIdCollection :: request_id_collection()) -> NewReqIdCollection :: request_id_collection().
Saves ReqId
and associates a Label
with the request identifier by adding
this information to ReqIdCollection
and returning the resulting request
identifier collection.
-spec reqids_new() -> NewReqIdCollection :: request_id_collection().
Returns a new empty request identifier collection. A request identifier collection can be utilized in order the handle multiple outstanding requests.
Request identifiers of requests made by send_request/2
can be saved in a
request identifier collection using reqids_add/3
. Such a collection of request
identifiers can later be used in order to get one response corresponding to a
request in the collection by passing the collection as argument to
receive_response/3
, wait_response/3
, or, check_response/3
.
reqids_size/1
can be used to determine the amount of request identifiers in a
request identifier collection.
-spec reqids_size(ReqIdCollection :: request_id_collection()) -> non_neg_integer().
Returns the amount of request identifiers saved in ReqIdCollection
.
-spec reqids_to_list(ReqIdCollection :: request_id_collection()) -> [{ReqId :: request_id(), Label :: term()}].
Returns a list of {ReqId, Label}
tuples which corresponds to all request
identifiers with their associated labels present in the ReqIdCollection
collection.
-spec send_request(ServerRef :: server_ref(), Request :: term()) -> ReqId :: request_id().
Sends an asynchronous call
request Request
to the gen_server
process
identified by ServerRef
and returns a request identifier ReqId
.
The return value ReqId
shall later be used with receive_response/2
, wait_response/2
,
or check_response/2
to fetch the actual result of the request. Besides passing
the request identifier directly to these functions, it can also be saved in a
request identifier collection using reqids_add/3
. Such a collection of request
identifiers can later be used in order to get one response corresponding to a
request in the collection by passing the collection as argument to
receive_response/3
, wait_response/3
, or check_response/3
. If you are about
to save the request identifier in a request identifier collection, you may want
to consider using send_request/4
instead.
The call
gen_server:receive_response(gen_server:send_request(ServerRef, Request), Timeout)
can be seen as equivalent to
gen_server:call(ServerRef, Request, Timeout)
, ignoring the error
handling.
The gen_server
process calls Module:handle_call/3
to
handle the request.
See the type server_ref/0
for the possible values for ServerRef
.
Request
is any term that is passed as the first argument to
Module:handle_call/3
.
send_request(ServerRef, Request, Label, ReqIdCollection)
View Source (since OTP 25.0)-spec send_request(ServerRef :: server_ref(), Request :: term(), Label :: term(), ReqIdCollection :: request_id_collection()) -> NewReqIdCollection :: request_id_collection().
Sends an asynchronous call
request Request
to the gen_server
process
identified by ServerRef
. The Label
will be associated with the request
identifier of the operation and added to the returned request identifier
collection NewReqIdCollection
. The collection can later be used in order to
get one response corresponding to a request in the collection by passing the
collection as argument to receive_response/3
, wait_response/3
, or,
check_response/3
.
The same as calling
gen_server:reqids_add
(gen_server:send_request
(ServerRef, Request), Label, ReqIdCollection)
,
but calling send_request/4
is slightly more efficient.
Equivalent to start/4
except that the gen_server
process is not
registered with any name service.
-spec start(ServerName :: server_name(), Module :: module(), Args :: term(), Options :: [start_opt()]) -> start_ret().
Creates a standalone gen_server
process, that is, a gen_server
process that
is not part of a supervision tree and thus has no supervisor.
Other than that see start_link/4
.
Equivalent to start_link/4
except that the gen_server
process is not
registered with any name service.
-spec start_link(ServerName :: server_name(), Module :: module(), Args :: term(), Options :: [start_opt()]) -> start_ret().
Creates a gen_server
process as part of a supervision tree. This function is
to be called, directly or indirectly, by the supervisor. For example, it ensures
that the gen_server
process is spawned as linked to the caller (supervisor).
The gen_server
process calls Module:init/1
to initialize. To
ensure a synchronized startup procedure, start_link/3,4
does not return until
Module:init/1
has returned or failed.
Using the argument ServerName
creates a gen_server
with a registered name.
See type server_name/0
for different name registrations.
Module
is the name of the callback module.
Args
is any term that is passed as the argument to
Module:init/1
.
See type start_opt/0
for Options
when starting the gen_server
process.
See type start_ret/0
for a description this function's return values.
If start_link/3,4
returns ignore
or {error,_}
, the started gen_server
process has terminated. If an 'EXIT'
message was delivered to the calling
process (due to the process link), that message has been consumed.
Warning
Before OTP 26.0, if the started
gen_server
process returned e.g.{stop,Reason}
fromModule:init/1
, this function could return{error,Reason}
before the startedgen_statem
process had terminated so starting again might fail because VM resources such as the registered name was not yet unregistered. An'EXIT'
message could arrive later to the process calling this function.But if the started
gen_server
process instead failed duringModule:init/1
, a process link{'EXIT',Pid,Reason}
message caused this function to return{error,Reason}
so the'EXIT'
message had been consumed and the startedgen_statem
process had terminated.Since it was impossible to tell the difference between these two cases from
start_link/3,4
's return value, this inconsistency was cleaned up in OTP 26.0.
The difference between returning {stop,_}
and {error,_}
from
Module:init/1
, is that {error,_}
results in a graceful
("silent") termination since the gen_server
process exits with reason
normal
.
-spec start_monitor(Module :: module(), Args :: term(), Options :: [start_opt()]) -> start_mon_ret().
Equivalent to start_monitor/4
except that the gen_server
process is not
registered with any name service.
-spec start_monitor(ServerName :: server_name(), Module :: module(), Args :: term(), Options :: [start_opt()]) -> start_mon_ret().
Creates a standalone gen_server
process, that is, a gen_server
process that
is not part of a supervision tree (and thus has no supervisor) and atomically
sets up a monitor to the newly created server.
Other than that see start_link/3,4
. Note that the return
value for a successful start differs in that it returns a monitor reference
.
See type start_mon_ret/0
.
If the start is not successful, the caller will be blocked until the monitor's
'DOWN'
message has been received and removed from the message queue.
-spec stop(ServerRef :: server_ref()) -> ok.
Equivalent to stop(ServerRef, normal, infinity)
-spec stop(ServerRef :: server_ref(), Reason :: term(), Timeout :: timeout()) -> ok.
Orders the generic server specified by ServerRef
to exit with the specified
Reason
and waits for it to terminate. The gen_server
process calls Module:terminate/2
before exiting.
The function returns ok
if the server terminates with the expected reason. Any
other reason than normal
, shutdown
, or {shutdown,Term}
causes an error
report to be issued using logger
. An exit signal with the same reason is
sent to linked processes and ports.
Timeout
is an integer that specifies how many milliseconds to wait for the
server to terminate, or the atom infinity
to wait indefinitely. If the server
has not terminated within the specified time, the call exits the calling process
with reason timeout
.
If the process does not exist, the call exits the calling process with reason
noproc
, and with reason {nodedown,Node}
if the connection fails to the
remote Node
where the server runs.
-spec wait_response(ReqId, WaitTime) -> Result when ReqId :: request_id(), WaitTime :: response_timeout(), Response :: {reply, Reply :: term()} | {error, {Reason :: term(), server_ref()}}, Result :: Response | timeout.
Wait for a response corresponding to the request identifier ReqId
. The request
must have been made by send_request/2
, and it must have been made by the same
process calling this function.
WaitTime
specifies how long to wait for a reply. If no reply is received
within the specified time, the function returns timeout
and no cleanup is
done, and thus the function can be invoked repeatedly until a reply is returned.
The return value Reply
is passed from the return value of
Module:handle_call/3
.
The function returns an error if the gen_server
died before a reply was sent.
The difference between receive_response/2
and
wait_response/2
is that
receive_response/2
abandons the request at time-out so
that a potential future response is ignored, while
wait_response/2
does not.
-spec wait_response(ReqIdCollection, WaitTime, Delete) -> Result when ReqIdCollection :: request_id_collection(), WaitTime :: response_timeout(), Delete :: boolean(), Response :: {reply, Reply :: term()} | {error, {Reason :: term(), server_ref()}}, Result :: {Response, Label :: term(), NewReqIdCollection :: request_id_collection()} | no_request | timeout.
Wait for a response corresponding to a request identifier saved in
ReqIdCollection
. All request identifiers of ReqIdCollection
must correspond
to requests that have been made using send_request/2
or send_request/4
, and
all requests must have been made by the process calling this function.
The Label
in the response equals the Label
associated with the request
identifier that the response corresponds to. The Label
of a request identifier
is associated when saving the request id in a request
identifier collection, or when sending the request using send_request/4
.
Compared to wait_response/2
, the returned result associated with a specific
request identifier or an exception associated with a specific request identifier
will be wrapped in a 3-tuple. The first element of this tuple equals the value
that would have been produced by wait_response/2
, the
second element equals the Label
associated with the specific request
identifier, and the third element NewReqIdCollection
is a possibly modified
request identifier collection.
If ReqIdCollection
is empty, no_request
will be returned. If no response is
received before the WaitTime
timeout has triggered, the atom timeout
is
returned. It is valid to continue waiting for a response as many times as needed
up until a response has been received and completed by check_response()
,
receive_response()
, or wait_response()
.
The difference between receive_response/3
and
wait_response/3
is that
receive_response/3
abandons requests at timeout so
that potential future responses are ignored, while
wait_response/3
does not.
If Delete
equals true
, the association with Label
will have been deleted
from ReqIdCollection
in the resulting NewReqIdCollection
. If Delete
equals
false
, NewReqIdCollection
will equal ReqIdCollection
. Note that deleting
an association is not for free and that a collection containing already handled
requests can still be used by subsequent calls to
wait_response/3
, check_response/3
, and
receive_response/3
. However, without deleting handled associations, the above
calls will not be able to detect when there are no more outstanding requests to
handle, so you will have to keep track of this some other way than relying on a
no_request
return. Note that if you pass a collection only containing
associations of already handled or abandoned requests to
wait_response/3
, it will always block until a timeout
determined by WaitTime
is triggered and then return no_reply
.