gen_tcp

The gen_tcp module provides functions for communicating with sockets using the TCP/IP protocol.

The following code fragment provides a simple example of a client connecting to a server at port 5678, transferring a binary and closing the connection:

client() ->
    SomeHostInNet = "localhost", % to make it runnable on one machine
    {ok, Sock} = gen_tcp:connect(SomeHostInNet, 5678, 
                                 [binary, {packet, 0}]),
    ok = gen_tcp:send(Sock, "Some Data"),
    ok = gen_tcp:close(Sock).

At the other end a server is listening on port 5678, accepts the connection and receives the binary:

server() ->
    {ok, LSock} = gen_tcp:listen(5678, [binary, {packet, 0}, 
                                        {active, false}]),
    {ok, Sock} = gen_tcp:accept(LSock),
    {ok, Bin} = do_recv(Sock, []),
    ok = gen_tcp:close(Sock),
    Bin.

do_recv(Sock, Bs) ->
    case gen_tcp:recv(Sock, 0) of
        {ok, B} ->
            do_recv(Sock, [Bs, B]);
        {error, closed} ->
            {ok, list_to_binary(Bs)}
    end.

For more examples, see the examples section.

As returned by accept/1,2 and connect/3,4.

Types:

Connects to a server on TCP port Port on the host with IP address Address. The Address argument can be either a hostname, or an IP address.

The available options are:

{ip, ip_address()}

If the host has several network interfaces, this option specifies which one to use.

{ifaddr, ip_address()}

Same as {ip, ip_address()}. If the host has several network interfaces, this option specifies which one to use.

{fd, integer() >= 0}

If a socket has somehow been connected without using gen_tcp, use this option to pass the file descriptor for it. If {ip, ip_address()} and/or {port, port_number()} is combined with this option the fd will be bound to the given interface and port before connecting. If these options are not given it is assumed that the fd is already bound appropriately.

inet

Set up the socket for IPv4.

inet6

Set up the socket for IPv6.

{port, Port}

Specify which local port number to use.

{tcp_module, module()}

Override which callback module is used. Defaults to inet_tcp for IPv4 and inet6_tcp for IPv6.

Opt

See inet:setopts/2.

Packets can be sent to the returned socket Socket using send/2. Packets sent from the peer are delivered as messages:

{tcp, Socket, Data}

If the socket is in {active, N} mode (see inet:setopts/2 for details) and its message counter drops to 0, the following message is delivered to indicate that the socket has transitioned to passive ({active, false}) mode:

{tcp_passive, Socket}

If the socket is closed, the following message is delivered:

{tcp_closed, Socket}

If an error occurs on the socket, the following message is delivered:

{tcp_error, Socket, Reason}

unless {active, false} is specified in the option list for the socket, in which case packets are retrieved by calling recv/2.

The optional Timeout parameter specifies a timeout in milliseconds. The default value is infinity.

Types:

Sets up a socket to listen on the port Port on the local host.

If Port == 0, the underlying OS assigns an available port number, use inet:port/1 to retrieve it.

The available options are:

list

Received Packet is delivered as a list.

binary

Received Packet is delivered as a binary.

{backlog, B}

B is an integer >= 0. The backlog value defaults to 5. The backlog value defines the maximum length that the queue of pending connections may grow to.

{ip, ip_address()}

If the host has several network interfaces, this option specifies which one to listen on.

{port, Port}

Specify which local port number to use.

{fd, Fd}

If a socket has somehow been connected without using gen_tcp, use this option to pass the file descriptor for it.

{ifaddr, ip_address()}

Same as {ip, ip_address()}. If the host has several network interfaces, this option specifies which one to use.

inet6

Set up the socket for IPv6.

inet

Set up the socket for IPv4.

{tcp_module, module()}

Override which callback module is used. Defaults to inet_tcp for IPv4 and inet6_tcp for IPv6.

Opt

See inet:setopts/2.

The returned socket ListenSocket can only be used in calls to accept/1,2.

Types:

Accepts an incoming connection request on a listen socket. Socket must be a socket returned from listen/2. Timeout specifies a timeout value in ms, defaults to infinity.

Returns {ok, Socket} if a connection is established, or {error, closed} if ListenSocket is closed, or {error, timeout} if no connection is established within the specified time, or {error, system_limit} if all available ports in the Erlang emulator are in use. May also return a POSIX error value if something else goes wrong, see inet(3) for possible error values.

Packets can be sent to the returned socket Socket using send/2. Packets sent from the peer are delivered as messages:

{tcp, Socket, Data}

unless {active, false} was specified in the option list for the listen socket, in which case packets are retrieved by calling recv/2.

Types:

Sends a packet on a socket.

There is no send call with timeout option, you use the send_timeout socket option if timeouts are desired. See the examples section.

Types:

This function receives a packet from a socket in passive mode. A closed socket is indicated by a return value {error, closed}.

The Length argument is only meaningful when the socket is in raw mode and denotes the number of bytes to read. If Length = 0, all available bytes are returned. If Length > 0, exactly Length bytes are returned, or an error; possibly discarding less than Length bytes of data when the socket gets closed from the other side.

The optional Timeout parameter specifies a timeout in milliseconds. The default value is infinity.

Types:

Assigns a new controlling process Pid to Socket. The controlling process is the process which receives messages from the socket. If called by any other process than the current controlling process, {error, not_owner} is returned.

Types:

Closes a TCP socket.

Types:

Close a socket in one or two directions.

How == write means closing the socket for writing, reading from it is still possible.

If How == read, or there is no outgoing data buffered in the Socket port, then the socket is shutdown immediately and any error encountered is returned in Reason.

If there is data buffered in the socket port, then the attempt to shutdown the socket is postponed until that data is written to the kernel socket send buffer. Any errors encountered will result in the socket being closed and {error, closed} being returned on the next recv/2 or send/2.

To be able to handle that the peer has done a shutdown on the write side, the {exit_on_close, false} option is useful.

The following example illustrates usage of the {active,once} option and multiple accepts by implementing a server as a number of worker processes doing accept on one single listen socket. The start/2 function takes the number of worker processes as well as a port number to listen for incoming connections on. If LPort is specified as 0, an ephemeral portnumber is used, why the start function returns the actual portnumber allocated:

start(Num,LPort) ->
    case gen_tcp:listen(LPort,[{active, false},{packet,2}]) of
        {ok, ListenSock} ->
            start_servers(Num,ListenSock),
            {ok, Port} = inet:port(ListenSock),
            Port;
        {error,Reason} ->
            {error,Reason}
    end.

start_servers(0,_) ->
    ok;
start_servers(Num,LS) ->
    spawn(?MODULE,server,[LS]),
    start_servers(Num-1,LS).

server(LS) ->
    case gen_tcp:accept(LS) of
        {ok,S} ->
            loop(S),
            server(LS);
        Other ->
            io:format("accept returned ~w - goodbye!~n",[Other]),
            ok
    end.

loop(S) ->
    inet:setopts(S,[{active,once}]),
    receive
        {tcp,S,Data} ->
            Answer = process(Data), % Not implemented in this example
            gen_tcp:send(S,Answer),
            loop(S);
        {tcp_closed,S} ->
            io:format("Socket ~w closed [~w]~n",[S,self()]),
            ok
    end.

A simple client could look like this:

client(PortNo,Message) ->
    {ok,Sock} = gen_tcp:connect("localhost",PortNo,[{active,false},
                                                    {packet,2}]),
    gen_tcp:send(Sock,Message),
    A = gen_tcp:recv(Sock,0),
    gen_tcp:close(Sock),
    A.

The fact that the send call does not accept a timeout option, is because timeouts on send is handled through the socket option send_timeout. The behavior of a send operation with no receiver is in a very high degree defined by the underlying TCP stack, as well as the network infrastructure. If one wants to write code that handles a hanging receiver that might eventually cause the sender to hang on a send call, one writes code like the following.

Consider a process that receives data from a client process that is to be forwarded to a server on the network. The process has connected to the server via TCP/IP and does not get any acknowledge for each message it sends, but has to rely on the send timeout option to detect that the other end is unresponsive. We could use the send_timeout option when connecting:

    ...
    {ok,Sock} = gen_tcp:connect(HostAddress, Port,
                                [{active,false},
                                 {send_timeout, 5000},
                                 {packet,2}]),
                    loop(Sock), % See below
    ...    

In the loop where requests are handled, we can now detect send timeouts:

loop(Sock) ->
    receive
        {Client, send_data, Binary} ->
            case gen_tcp:send(Sock,[Binary]) of
                {error, timeout} ->
                    io:format("Send timeout, closing!~n",
                              []),
                    handle_send_timeout(), % Not implemented here
                    Client ! {self(),{error_sending, timeout}},
                    %% Usually, it's a good idea to give up in case of a 
                    %% send timeout, as you never know how much actually 
                    %% reached the server, maybe only a packet header?!
                    gen_tcp:close(Sock);
                {error, OtherSendError} ->
                    io:format("Some other error on socket (~p), closing",
                              [OtherSendError]),
                    Client ! {self(),{error_sending, OtherSendError}},
                    gen_tcp:close(Sock);
                ok ->
                    Client ! {self(), data_sent},
                    loop(Sock)
            end
    end.    

Usually it would suffice to detect timeouts on receive, as most protocols include some sort of acknowledgment from the server, but if the protocol is strictly one way, the send_timeout option comes in handy!