View Source lists (stdlib v6.2)

List processing functions.

This module contains functions for list processing.

Unless otherwise stated, all functions assume that position numbering starts at 1. That is, the first element of a list is at position 1.

Two terms T1 and T2 compare equal if T1 == T2 evaluates to true. They match if T1 =:= T2 evaluates to true.

Whenever an ordering function F is expected as argument, it is assumed that the following properties hold of F for all x, y, and z:

  • If x F y and y F x, then x = y (F is antisymmetric).
  • If x F y and y F z, then x F z (F is transitive).
  • x F y or y F x (F is total).

An example of a typical ordering function is less than or equal to: =</2.

Summary

Functions

Returns true if Pred(Elem) returns true for all elements Elem in List, otherwise false. The Pred function must return a boolean.

Returns true if Pred(Elem) returns true for at least one element Elem in List. The Pred function must return a boolean.

Returns a list in which all the sublists of ListOfLists have been appended.

Returns a new list List3, which is made from the elements of List1 followed by the elements of List2.

Concatenates the text representation of the elements of Things. The elements of Things can be atoms, integers, floats, or strings.

Returns a copy of List1 where the first element matching Elem is deleted, if there is such an element.

Drops the last element of a List. The list is to be non-empty, otherwise the function crashes with a function_clause.

Drops elements Elem from List1 while Pred(Elem) returns true and returns the remaining list. The Pred function must return a boolean.

Returns a list containing N copies of term Elem.

Returns List1 with each element H replaced by a tuple of form {I, H} where I is the position of H in List1. The enumeration starts with Index and increases by Step in each step.

List2 is a list of all elements Elem in List1 for which Pred(Elem) returns true. The Pred function must return a boolean.

Calls Fun(Elem) on successive elements Elem of List1 in order to update or remove elements from List1.

Equivalent to length(flatten(DeepList)), but more efficient.

Takes a function from As to lists of Bs, and a list of As (List1) and produces a list of Bs by applying the function to every element in List1 and appending the resulting lists.

Returns a flattened version of DeepList.

Returns a flattened version of DeepList with tail Tail appended.

Calls Fun(Elem, AccIn) on successive elements A of List, starting with AccIn == Acc0. Fun/2 must return a new accumulator, which is passed to the next call. The function returns the final value of the accumulator. Acc0 is returned if the list is empty.

Like foldl/3, but the list is traversed from right to left.

Calls Fun(Elem) for each element Elem in List. This function is used for its side effects and the evaluation order is defined to be the same as the order of the elements in the list.

Inserts Sep between each element in List1. Has no effect on the empty list and on a singleton list. For example

Returns a copy of TupleList1 where the first occurrence of a tuple whose Nth element compares equal to Key is deleted, if there is such a tuple.

Searches the list of tuples TupleList for a tuple whose Nth element compares equal to Key. Returns Tuple if such a tuple is found, otherwise false.

Returns a list of tuples where, for each tuple in TupleList1, the Nth element Term1 of the tuple has been replaced with the result of calling Fun(Term1).

Returns true if there is a tuple in TupleList whose Nth element compares equal to Key, otherwise false.

Returns the sorted list formed by merging TupleList1 and TupleList2.

Returns a copy of TupleList1 where the first occurrence of a T tuple whose Nth element compares equal to Key is replaced with NewTuple, if there is such a tuple T.

Searches the list of tuples TupleList for a tuple whose Nth element compares equal to Key. Returns {value, Tuple} if such a tuple is found, otherwise false.

Returns a list containing the sorted elements of list TupleList1. Sorting is performed on the Nth element of the tuples. The sort is stable.

Returns a copy of TupleList1 where the first occurrence of a tuple T whose Nth element compares equal to Key is replaced with NewTuple, if there is such a tuple T. If there is no such tuple T, a copy of TupleList1 where [NewTuple] has been appended to the end is returned.

Searches the list of tuples TupleList1 for a tuple whose Nth element compares equal to Key. Returns {value, Tuple, TupleList2} if such a tuple is found, otherwise false. TupleList2 is a copy of TupleList1 where the first occurrence of Tuple has been removed.

Returns the last element in List.

Takes a function from As to Bs, and a list of As and produces a list of Bs by applying the function to every element in the list. This function is used to obtain the return values. The evaluation order depends on the implementation.

Combines the operations of map/2 and foldl/3 into one pass.

Combines the operations of map/2 and foldr/3 into one pass.

Returns the first element of List that compares greater than or equal to all other elements of List.

Returns true if Elem matches some element of List, otherwise false.

Returns the sorted list formed by merging List1, List2, and List3. All of List1, List2, and List3 must be sorted before evaluating this function.

Returns the sorted list formed by merging all the sublists of ListOfLists. All sublists must be sorted before evaluating this function.

Returns the sorted list formed by merging List1 and List2. Both List1 and List2 must be sorted before evaluating this function.

Returns the sorted list formed by merging List1 and List2. Both List1 and List2 must be sorted according to the ordering function Fun before evaluating this function.

Returns the first element of List that compares less than or equal to all other elements of List.

Returns the Nth element of List.

Returns the Nth tail of List, that is, the sublist of List starting at N+1 and continuing up to the end of the list.

Partitions List into two lists, where the first list contains all elements for which Pred(Elem) returns true, and the second list contains all elements for which Pred(Elem) returns false.

Returns true if List1 is a prefix of List2, otherwise false.

Returns a list with the elements in List1 in reverse order.

Returns a list with the elements in List1 in reverse order, with tail Tail appended.

If there is a Value in List such that Pred(Value) returns true, returns {value, Value} for the first such Value, otherwise returns false. The Pred function must return a boolean.

Returns a sequence of integers that starts with From and contains the successive results of adding Incr to the previous element, until To is reached or passed (in the latter case, To is not an element of the sequence). Incr defaults to 1.

Returns a list containing the sorted elements of List1.

Returns a list containing the sorted elements of List1, according to the ordering function Fun. Fun(A, B) is to return true if A compares less than or equal to B in the ordering, otherwise false.

Splits List1 into List2 and List3. List2 contains the first N elements and List3 the remaining elements (the Nth tail).

Partitions List into two lists according to Pred. splitwith/2 behaves as if it is defined as follows

Returns the sublist of List1 starting at position 1 and with (maximum) Len elements. It is not an error for Len to exceed the length of the list, in that case the whole list is returned.

Returns the sublist of List1 starting at Start and with (maximum) Len elements. It is not an error for Start+Len to exceed the length of the list.

Returns a new list List3 that is a copy of List1, subjected to the following procedure: for each element in List2, its first occurrence in List1 is deleted.

Returns true if List1 is a suffix of List2, otherwise false.

Returns the sum of the elements in List.

Takes elements Elem from List1 while Pred(Elem) returns true, that is, the function returns the longest prefix of the list for which all elements satisfy the predicate. The Pred function must return a boolean.

Returns the sorted list formed by merging TupleList1 and TupleList2. The merge is performed on the Nth element of each tuple. Both TupleList1 and TupleList2 must be key-sorted without duplicates before evaluating this function.

Returns a list containing the sorted elements of list TupleList1 where all except the first tuple of the tuples comparing equal have been deleted. Sorting is performed on the Nth element of the tuples.

Returns the sorted list formed by merging List1, List2, and List3. All of List1, List2, and List3 must be sorted and contain no duplicates before evaluating this function.

Returns the sorted list formed by merging all the sublists of ListOfLists. All sublists must be sorted and contain no duplicates before evaluating this function.

Returns the sorted list formed by merging List1 and List2. Both List1 and List2 must be sorted and contain no duplicates before evaluating this function.

Returns the sorted list formed by merging List1 and List2. Both List1 and List2 must be sorted according to the ordering function Fun and contain no duplicates before evaluating this function.

Returns a list containing the elements of List1 with duplicated elements removed (preserving the order of the elements). The first occurrence of each element is kept.

Returns a list containing the elements of List1 without the elements for which Fun returned duplicate values (preserving the order of the elements). The first occurrence of each element is kept.

"Unzips" a list of three-tuples into three lists, where the first list contains the first element of each tuple, the second list contains the second element of each tuple, and the third list contains the third element of each tuple.

"Unzips" a list of two-tuples into two lists, where the first list contains the first element of each tuple, and the second list contains the second element of each tuple.

Returns a list containing the sorted elements of List1 where all except the first element of the elements comparing equal have been deleted.

Returns a list containing the sorted elements of List1 where all except the first element of the elements comparing equal according to the ordering function Fun have been deleted. Fun(A, B) is to return true if A compares less than or equal to B in the ordering, otherwise false.

"Zips" three lists into one list of three-tuples, where the first element of each tuple is taken from the first list, the second element is taken from the corresponding element in the second list, and the third element is taken from the corresponding element in the third list.

"Zips" two lists into one list of two-tuples, where the first element of each tuple is taken from the first list and the second element is taken from the corresponding element in the second list.

Combines the elements of three lists into one list. For each triple X, Y, Z of list elements from the three lists, the element in the result list is Combine(X, Y, Z).

Combines the elements of two lists into one list. For each pair X, Y of list elements from the two lists, the element in the result list is Combine(X, Y).

Functions

-spec all(Pred, List) -> boolean() when Pred :: fun((Elem :: T) -> boolean()), List :: [T], T :: term().

Returns true if Pred(Elem) returns true for all elements Elem in List, otherwise false. The Pred function must return a boolean.

-spec any(Pred, List) -> boolean() when Pred :: fun((Elem :: T) -> boolean()), List :: [T], T :: term().

Returns true if Pred(Elem) returns true for at least one element Elem in List. The Pred function must return a boolean.

-spec append(ListOfLists) -> List1 when ListOfLists :: [List], List :: [T], List1 :: [T], T :: term().

Returns a list in which all the sublists of ListOfLists have been appended.

Example:

> lists:append([[1, 2, 3], [a, b], [4, 5, 6]]).
[1,2,3,a,b,4,5,6]
-spec append(List1, List2) -> List3 when List1 :: [T], List2 :: [T], List3 :: [T], T :: term().

Returns a new list List3, which is made from the elements of List1 followed by the elements of List2.

Example:

> lists:append("abc", "def").
"abcdef"

lists:append(A, B) is equivalent to A ++ B.

-spec concat(Things) -> string()
                when Things :: [Thing], Thing :: atom() | integer() | float() | string().

Concatenates the text representation of the elements of Things. The elements of Things can be atoms, integers, floats, or strings.

Example:

> lists:concat([doc, '/', file, '.', 3]).
"doc/file.3"
-spec delete(Elem, List1) -> List2 when Elem :: T, List1 :: [T], List2 :: [T], T :: term().

Returns a copy of List1 where the first element matching Elem is deleted, if there is such an element.

Link to this function

droplast(List)

View Source (since OTP 17.0)
-spec droplast(List) -> InitList when List :: [T, ...], InitList :: [T], T :: term().

Drops the last element of a List. The list is to be non-empty, otherwise the function crashes with a function_clause.

-spec dropwhile(Pred, List1) -> List2
                   when Pred :: fun((Elem :: T) -> boolean()), List1 :: [T], List2 :: [T], T :: term().

Drops elements Elem from List1 while Pred(Elem) returns true and returns the remaining list. The Pred function must return a boolean.

-spec duplicate(N, Elem) -> List when N :: non_neg_integer(), Elem :: T, List :: [T], T :: term().

Returns a list containing N copies of term Elem.

Example:

> lists:duplicate(5, xx).
[xx,xx,xx,xx,xx]
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enumerate(List1)

View Source (since OTP 25.0)
-spec enumerate(List1) -> List2
                   when List1 :: [T], List2 :: [{Index, T}], Index :: integer(), T :: term().

Equivalent to enumerate(1, 1, List1).

Link to this function

enumerate(Index, List1)

View Source (since OTP 25.0)
-spec enumerate(Index, List1) -> List2
                   when List1 :: [T], List2 :: [{Index, T}], Index :: integer(), T :: term().

Equivalent to enumerate(Index, 1, List1).

Link to this function

enumerate(Index, Step, List1)

View Source (since OTP 26.0)
-spec enumerate(Index, Step, List1) -> List2
                   when
                       List1 :: [T],
                       List2 :: [{Index, T}],
                       Index :: integer(),
                       Step :: integer(),
                       T :: term().

Returns List1 with each element H replaced by a tuple of form {I, H} where I is the position of H in List1. The enumeration starts with Index and increases by Step in each step.

That is, enumerate/3 behaves as if it had been defined as follows:

enumerate(I, S, List) ->
  {List1, _ } = lists:mapfoldl(fun(T, Acc) -> {{Acc, T}, Acc+S} end, I, List),
  List1.

The default values for Index and Step are both 1.

Examples:

> lists:enumerate([a,b,c]).
[{1,a},{2,b},{3,c}]
> lists:enumerate(10, [a,b,c]).
[{10,a},{11,b},{12,c}]
> lists:enumerate(0, -2, [a,b,c]).
[{0,a},{-2,b},{-4,c}]
-spec filter(Pred, List1) -> List2
                when Pred :: fun((Elem :: T) -> boolean()), List1 :: [T], List2 :: [T], T :: term().

List2 is a list of all elements Elem in List1 for which Pred(Elem) returns true. The Pred function must return a boolean.

Link to this function

filtermap(Fun, List1)

View Source (since OTP R16B01)
-spec filtermap(Fun, List1) -> List2
                   when
                       Fun :: fun((Elem) -> boolean() | {true, Value}),
                       List1 :: [Elem],
                       List2 :: [Elem | Value],
                       Elem :: term(),
                       Value :: term().

Calls Fun(Elem) on successive elements Elem of List1 in order to update or remove elements from List1.

Fun/1 must return either a Boolean or a tuple {true, Value}. The function returns the list of elements for which Fun returns a new value, where a value of true is synonymous with {true, Elem}.

That is, filtermap behaves as if it had been defined as follows:

filtermap(Fun, List1) ->
    lists:foldr(fun(Elem, Acc) ->
                       case Fun(Elem) of
                           false -> Acc;
                           true -> [Elem|Acc];
                           {true,Value} -> [Value|Acc]
                       end
                end, [], List1).

Example:

> lists:filtermap(fun(X) -> case X rem 2 of 0 -> {true, X div 2}; _ -> false end end, [1,2,3,4,5]).
[1,2]
-spec flatlength(DeepList) -> non_neg_integer() when DeepList :: [term() | DeepList].

Equivalent to length(flatten(DeepList)), but more efficient.

-spec flatmap(Fun, List1) -> List2
                 when Fun :: fun((A) -> [B]), List1 :: [A], List2 :: [B], A :: term(), B :: term().

Takes a function from As to lists of Bs, and a list of As (List1) and produces a list of Bs by applying the function to every element in List1 and appending the resulting lists.

That is, flatmap behaves as if it had been defined as follows:

flatmap(Fun, List1) ->
    append(map(Fun, List1)).

Example:

> lists:flatmap(fun(X)->[X,X] end, [a,b,c]).
[a,a,b,b,c,c]
-spec flatten(DeepList) -> List when DeepList :: [term() | DeepList], List :: [term()].

Returns a flattened version of DeepList.

-spec flatten(DeepList, Tail) -> List
                 when DeepList :: [term() | DeepList], Tail :: [term()], List :: [term()].

Returns a flattened version of DeepList with tail Tail appended.

-spec foldl(Fun, Acc0, List) -> Acc1
               when
                   Fun :: fun((Elem :: T, AccIn) -> AccOut),
                   Acc0 :: term(),
                   Acc1 :: term(),
                   AccIn :: term(),
                   AccOut :: term(),
                   List :: [T],
                   T :: term().

Calls Fun(Elem, AccIn) on successive elements A of List, starting with AccIn == Acc0. Fun/2 must return a new accumulator, which is passed to the next call. The function returns the final value of the accumulator. Acc0 is returned if the list is empty.

Example:

> lists:foldl(fun(X, Sum) -> X + Sum end, 0, [1,2,3,4,5]).
15
> lists:foldl(fun(X, Prod) -> X * Prod end, 1, [1,2,3,4,5]).
120
-spec foldr(Fun, Acc0, List) -> Acc1
               when
                   Fun :: fun((Elem :: T, AccIn) -> AccOut),
                   Acc0 :: term(),
                   Acc1 :: term(),
                   AccIn :: term(),
                   AccOut :: term(),
                   List :: [T],
                   T :: term().

Like foldl/3, but the list is traversed from right to left.

Example:

> P = fun(A, AccIn) -> io:format("~p ", [A]), AccIn end.
#Fun<erl_eval.12.2225172>
> lists:foldl(P, void, [1,2,3]).
1 2 3 void
> lists:foldr(P, void, [1,2,3]).
3 2 1 void

foldl/3 is tail recursive and is usually preferred to foldr/3.

-spec foreach(Fun, List) -> ok when Fun :: fun((Elem :: T) -> term()), List :: [T], T :: term().

Calls Fun(Elem) for each element Elem in List. This function is used for its side effects and the evaluation order is defined to be the same as the order of the elements in the list.

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join(Sep, List1)

View Source (since OTP 19.0)
-spec join(Sep, List1) -> List2 when Sep :: T, List1 :: [T], List2 :: [T], T :: term().

Inserts Sep between each element in List1. Has no effect on the empty list and on a singleton list. For example:

> lists:join(x, [a,b,c]).
[a,x,b,x,c]
> lists:join(x, [a]).
[a]
> lists:join(x, []).
[]
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keydelete(Key, N, TupleList1)

View Source
-spec keydelete(Key, N, TupleList1) -> TupleList2
                   when
                       Key :: term(),
                       N :: pos_integer(),
                       TupleList1 :: [Tuple],
                       TupleList2 :: [Tuple],
                       Tuple :: tuple().

Returns a copy of TupleList1 where the first occurrence of a tuple whose Nth element compares equal to Key is deleted, if there is such a tuple.

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keyfind(Key, N, TupleList)

View Source
-spec keyfind(Key, N, TupleList) -> Tuple | false
                 when Key :: term(), N :: pos_integer(), TupleList :: [Tuple], Tuple :: tuple().

Searches the list of tuples TupleList for a tuple whose Nth element compares equal to Key. Returns Tuple if such a tuple is found, otherwise false.

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keymap(Fun, N, TupleList1)

View Source
-spec keymap(Fun, N, TupleList1) -> TupleList2
                when
                    Fun :: fun((Term1 :: term()) -> Term2 :: term()),
                    N :: pos_integer(),
                    TupleList1 :: [Tuple],
                    TupleList2 :: [Tuple],
                    Tuple :: tuple().

Returns a list of tuples where, for each tuple in TupleList1, the Nth element Term1 of the tuple has been replaced with the result of calling Fun(Term1).

Examples:

> Fun = fun(Atom) -> atom_to_list(Atom) end.
#Fun<erl_eval.6.10732646>
2> lists:keymap(Fun, 2, [{name,jane,22},{name,lizzie,20},{name,lydia,15}]).
[{name,"jane",22},{name,"lizzie",20},{name,"lydia",15}]
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keymember(Key, N, TupleList)

View Source
-spec keymember(Key, N, TupleList) -> boolean()
                   when Key :: term(), N :: pos_integer(), TupleList :: [Tuple], Tuple :: tuple().

Returns true if there is a tuple in TupleList whose Nth element compares equal to Key, otherwise false.

Link to this function

keymerge(N, TupleList1, TupleList2)

View Source
-spec keymerge(N, TupleList1, TupleList2) -> TupleList3
                  when
                      N :: pos_integer(),
                      TupleList1 :: [T1],
                      TupleList2 :: [T2],
                      TupleList3 :: [T1 | T2],
                      T1 :: Tuple,
                      T2 :: Tuple,
                      Tuple :: tuple().

Returns the sorted list formed by merging TupleList1 and TupleList2.

The merge is performed on the Nth element of each tuple. Both TupleList1 and TupleList2 must be key-sorted before evaluating this function. When two tuples compare equal, the tuple from TupleList1 is picked before the tuple from TupleList2.

Link to this function

keyreplace(Key, N, TupleList1, NewTuple)

View Source
-spec keyreplace(Key, N, TupleList1, NewTuple) -> TupleList2
                    when
                        Key :: term(),
                        N :: pos_integer(),
                        TupleList1 :: [Tuple],
                        TupleList2 :: [Tuple],
                        NewTuple :: Tuple,
                        Tuple :: tuple().

Returns a copy of TupleList1 where the first occurrence of a T tuple whose Nth element compares equal to Key is replaced with NewTuple, if there is such a tuple T.

Link to this function

keysearch(Key, N, TupleList)

View Source
-spec keysearch(Key, N, TupleList) -> {value, Tuple} | false
                   when Key :: term(), N :: pos_integer(), TupleList :: [Tuple], Tuple :: tuple().

Searches the list of tuples TupleList for a tuple whose Nth element compares equal to Key. Returns {value, Tuple} if such a tuple is found, otherwise false.

Note

This function is retained for backward compatibility. Function keyfind/3 is usually more convenient.

-spec keysort(N, TupleList1) -> TupleList2
                 when N :: pos_integer(), TupleList1 :: [Tuple], TupleList2 :: [Tuple], Tuple :: tuple().

Returns a list containing the sorted elements of list TupleList1. Sorting is performed on the Nth element of the tuples. The sort is stable.

Link to this function

keystore(Key, N, TupleList1, NewTuple)

View Source
-spec keystore(Key, N, TupleList1, NewTuple) -> TupleList2
                  when
                      Key :: term(),
                      N :: pos_integer(),
                      TupleList1 :: [Tuple],
                      TupleList2 :: [Tuple, ...],
                      NewTuple :: Tuple,
                      Tuple :: tuple().

Returns a copy of TupleList1 where the first occurrence of a tuple T whose Nth element compares equal to Key is replaced with NewTuple, if there is such a tuple T. If there is no such tuple T, a copy of TupleList1 where [NewTuple] has been appended to the end is returned.

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keytake(Key, N, TupleList1)

View Source
-spec keytake(Key, N, TupleList1) -> {value, Tuple, TupleList2} | false
                 when
                     Key :: term(),
                     N :: pos_integer(),
                     TupleList1 :: [tuple()],
                     TupleList2 :: [tuple()],
                     Tuple :: tuple().

Searches the list of tuples TupleList1 for a tuple whose Nth element compares equal to Key. Returns {value, Tuple, TupleList2} if such a tuple is found, otherwise false. TupleList2 is a copy of TupleList1 where the first occurrence of Tuple has been removed.

-spec last(List) -> Last when List :: [T, ...], Last :: T, T :: term().

Returns the last element in List.

-spec map(Fun, List1) -> List2
             when Fun :: fun((A) -> B), List1 :: [A], List2 :: [B], A :: term(), B :: term().

Takes a function from As to Bs, and a list of As and produces a list of Bs by applying the function to every element in the list. This function is used to obtain the return values. The evaluation order depends on the implementation.

Link to this function

mapfoldl(Fun, Acc0, List1)

View Source
-spec mapfoldl(Fun, Acc0, List1) -> {List2, Acc1}
                  when
                      Fun :: fun((A, AccIn) -> {B, AccOut}),
                      Acc0 :: term(),
                      Acc1 :: term(),
                      AccIn :: term(),
                      AccOut :: term(),
                      List1 :: [A],
                      List2 :: [B],
                      A :: term(),
                      B :: term().

Combines the operations of map/2 and foldl/3 into one pass.

Example:

Summing the elements in a list and double them at the same time:

> lists:mapfoldl(fun(X, Sum) -> {2*X, X+Sum} end,
0, [1,2,3,4,5]).
{[2,4,6,8,10],15}
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mapfoldr(Fun, Acc0, List1)

View Source
-spec mapfoldr(Fun, Acc0, List1) -> {List2, Acc1}
                  when
                      Fun :: fun((A, AccIn) -> {B, AccOut}),
                      Acc0 :: term(),
                      Acc1 :: term(),
                      AccIn :: term(),
                      AccOut :: term(),
                      List1 :: [A],
                      List2 :: [B],
                      A :: term(),
                      B :: term().

Combines the operations of map/2 and foldr/3 into one pass.

-spec max(List) -> Max when List :: [T, ...], Max :: T, T :: term().

Returns the first element of List that compares greater than or equal to all other elements of List.

-spec member(Elem, List) -> boolean() when Elem :: T, List :: [T], T :: term().

Returns true if Elem matches some element of List, otherwise false.

Link to this function

merge3(List1, List2, List3)

View Source
-spec merge3(List1, List2, List3) -> List4
                when
                    List1 :: [X],
                    List2 :: [Y],
                    List3 :: [Z],
                    List4 :: [X | Y | Z],
                    X :: term(),
                    Y :: term(),
                    Z :: term().

Returns the sorted list formed by merging List1, List2, and List3. All of List1, List2, and List3 must be sorted before evaluating this function.

When two elements compare equal, the element from List1, if there is such an element, is picked before the other element, otherwise the element from List2 is picked before the element from List3.

-spec merge(ListOfLists) -> List1 when ListOfLists :: [List], List :: [T], List1 :: [T], T :: term().

Returns the sorted list formed by merging all the sublists of ListOfLists. All sublists must be sorted before evaluating this function.

When two elements compare equal, the element from the sublist with the lowest position in ListOfLists is picked before the other element.

-spec merge(List1, List2) -> List3
               when List1 :: [X], List2 :: [Y], List3 :: [X | Y], X :: term(), Y :: term().

Returns the sorted list formed by merging List1 and List2. Both List1 and List2 must be sorted before evaluating this function.

When two elements compare equal, the element from List1 is picked before the element from List2.

Link to this function

merge(Fun, List1, List2)

View Source
-spec merge(Fun, List1, List2) -> List3
               when
                   Fun :: fun((A, B) -> boolean()),
                   List1 :: [A],
                   List2 :: [B],
                   List3 :: [A | B],
                   A :: term(),
                   B :: term().

Returns the sorted list formed by merging List1 and List2. Both List1 and List2 must be sorted according to the ordering function Fun before evaluating this function.

Fun(A, B) is to return true if A compares less than or equal to B in the ordering, otherwise false. When two elements compare equal, the element from List1 is picked before the element from List2.

-spec min(List) -> Min when List :: [T, ...], Min :: T, T :: term().

Returns the first element of List that compares less than or equal to all other elements of List.

-spec nth(N, List) -> Elem when N :: pos_integer(), List :: [T, ...], Elem :: T, T :: term().

Returns the Nth element of List.

Example:

> lists:nth(3, [a, b, c, d, e]).
c
-spec nthtail(N, List) -> Tail when N :: non_neg_integer(), List :: [T, ...], Tail :: [T], T :: term().

Returns the Nth tail of List, that is, the sublist of List starting at N+1 and continuing up to the end of the list.

Example

> lists:nthtail(3, [a, b, c, d, e]).
[d,e]
> tl(tl(tl([a, b, c, d, e]))).
[d,e]
> lists:nthtail(0, [a, b, c, d, e]).
[a,b,c,d,e]
> lists:nthtail(5, [a, b, c, d, e]).
[]
-spec partition(Pred, List) -> {Satisfying, NotSatisfying}
                   when
                       Pred :: fun((Elem :: T) -> boolean()),
                       List :: [T],
                       Satisfying :: [T],
                       NotSatisfying :: [T],
                       T :: term().

Partitions List into two lists, where the first list contains all elements for which Pred(Elem) returns true, and the second list contains all elements for which Pred(Elem) returns false.

Examples:

> lists:partition(fun(A) -> A rem 2 == 1 end, [1,2,3,4,5,6,7]).
{[1,3,5,7],[2,4,6]}
> lists:partition(fun(A) -> is_atom(A) end, [a,b,1,c,d,2,3,4,e]).
{[a,b,c,d,e],[1,2,3,4]}

For a different way to partition a list, see splitwith/2.

-spec prefix(List1, List2) -> boolean() when List1 :: [T], List2 :: [T], T :: term().

Returns true if List1 is a prefix of List2, otherwise false.

-spec reverse(List1) -> List2 when List1 :: [T], List2 :: [T], T :: term().

Returns a list with the elements in List1 in reverse order.

-spec reverse(List1, Tail) -> List2 when List1 :: [T], Tail :: term(), List2 :: [T], T :: term().

Returns a list with the elements in List1 in reverse order, with tail Tail appended.

Example:

> lists:reverse([1, 2, 3, 4], [a, b, c]).
[4,3,2,1,a,b,c]
Link to this function

search(Pred, List)

View Source (since OTP 21.0)
-spec search(Pred, List) -> {value, Value} | false
                when Pred :: fun((T) -> boolean()), List :: [T], Value :: T.

If there is a Value in List such that Pred(Value) returns true, returns {value, Value} for the first such Value, otherwise returns false. The Pred function must return a boolean.

-spec seq(From, To) -> Seq when From :: integer(), To :: integer(), Seq :: [integer()].

Equivalent to seq(From, To, 1).

-spec seq(From, To, Incr) -> Seq
             when From :: integer(), To :: integer(), Incr :: integer(), Seq :: [integer()].

Returns a sequence of integers that starts with From and contains the successive results of adding Incr to the previous element, until To is reached or passed (in the latter case, To is not an element of the sequence). Incr defaults to 1.

Failures:

  • If To < From - Incr and Incr > 0.
  • If To > From - Incr and Incr < 0.
  • If Incr =:= 0 and From =/= To.

The following equalities hold for all sequences:

length(lists:seq(From, To)) =:= To - From + 1
length(lists:seq(From, To, Incr)) =:= (To - From + Incr) div Incr

Examples:

> lists:seq(1, 10).
[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]
> lists:seq(1, 20, 3).
[1,4,7,10,13,16,19]
> lists:seq(1, 0, 1).
[]
> lists:seq(10, 6, 4).
[]
> lists:seq(1, 1, 0).
[1]
-spec sort(List1) -> List2 when List1 :: [T], List2 :: [T], T :: term().

Returns a list containing the sorted elements of List1.

-spec sort(Fun, List1) -> List2
              when Fun :: fun((A :: T, B :: T) -> boolean()), List1 :: [T], List2 :: [T], T :: term().

Returns a list containing the sorted elements of List1, according to the ordering function Fun. Fun(A, B) is to return true if A compares less than or equal to B in the ordering, otherwise false.

-spec split(N, List1) -> {List2, List3}
               when N :: non_neg_integer(), List1 :: [T], List2 :: [T], List3 :: [T], T :: term().

Splits List1 into List2 and List3. List2 contains the first N elements and List3 the remaining elements (the Nth tail).

-spec splitwith(Pred, List) -> {List1, List2}
                   when
                       Pred :: fun((T) -> boolean()),
                       List :: [T],
                       List1 :: [T],
                       List2 :: [T],
                       T :: term().

Partitions List into two lists according to Pred. splitwith/2 behaves as if it is defined as follows:

splitwith(Pred, List) ->
    {takewhile(Pred, List), dropwhile(Pred, List)}.

Examples:

> lists:splitwith(fun(A) -> A rem 2 == 1 end, [1,2,3,4,5,6,7]).
{[1],[2,3,4,5,6,7]}
> lists:splitwith(fun(A) -> is_atom(A) end, [a,b,1,c,d,2,3,4,e]).
{[a,b],[1,c,d,2,3,4,e]}

The Pred function must return a boolean. For a different way to partition a list, see partition/2.

-spec sublist(List1, Len) -> List2
                 when List1 :: [T], List2 :: [T], Len :: non_neg_integer(), T :: term().

Returns the sublist of List1 starting at position 1 and with (maximum) Len elements. It is not an error for Len to exceed the length of the list, in that case the whole list is returned.

Link to this function

sublist(List1, Start, Len)

View Source
-spec sublist(List1, Start, Len) -> List2
                 when
                     List1 :: [T],
                     List2 :: [T],
                     Start :: pos_integer(),
                     Len :: non_neg_integer(),
                     T :: term().

Returns the sublist of List1 starting at Start and with (maximum) Len elements. It is not an error for Start+Len to exceed the length of the list.

Examples:

> lists:sublist([1,2,3,4], 2, 2).
[2,3]
> lists:sublist([1,2,3,4], 2, 5).
[2,3,4]
> lists:sublist([1,2,3,4], 5, 2).
[]
-spec subtract(List1, List2) -> List3 when List1 :: [T], List2 :: [T], List3 :: [T], T :: term().

Returns a new list List3 that is a copy of List1, subjected to the following procedure: for each element in List2, its first occurrence in List1 is deleted.

Example:

> lists:subtract("123212", "212").
"312".

lists:subtract(A, B) is equivalent to A -- B.

-spec suffix(List1, List2) -> boolean() when List1 :: [T], List2 :: [T], T :: term().

Returns true if List1 is a suffix of List2, otherwise false.

-spec sum(List) -> number() when List :: [number()].

Returns the sum of the elements in List.

-spec takewhile(Pred, List1) -> List2
                   when Pred :: fun((Elem :: T) -> boolean()), List1 :: [T], List2 :: [T], T :: term().

Takes elements Elem from List1 while Pred(Elem) returns true, that is, the function returns the longest prefix of the list for which all elements satisfy the predicate. The Pred function must return a boolean.

Link to this function

ukeymerge(N, TupleList1, TupleList2)

View Source
-spec ukeymerge(N, TupleList1, TupleList2) -> TupleList3
                   when
                       N :: pos_integer(),
                       TupleList1 :: [T1],
                       TupleList2 :: [T2],
                       TupleList3 :: [T1 | T2],
                       T1 :: Tuple,
                       T2 :: Tuple,
                       Tuple :: tuple().

Returns the sorted list formed by merging TupleList1 and TupleList2. The merge is performed on the Nth element of each tuple. Both TupleList1 and TupleList2 must be key-sorted without duplicates before evaluating this function.

When two tuples compare equal, the tuple from TupleList1 is picked and the one from TupleList2 is deleted.

-spec ukeysort(N, TupleList1) -> TupleList2
                  when
                      N :: pos_integer(), TupleList1 :: [Tuple], TupleList2 :: [Tuple], Tuple :: tuple().

Returns a list containing the sorted elements of list TupleList1 where all except the first tuple of the tuples comparing equal have been deleted. Sorting is performed on the Nth element of the tuples.

Link to this function

umerge3(List1, List2, List3)

View Source
-spec umerge3(List1, List2, List3) -> List4
                 when
                     List1 :: [X],
                     List2 :: [Y],
                     List3 :: [Z],
                     List4 :: [X | Y | Z],
                     X :: term(),
                     Y :: term(),
                     Z :: term().

Returns the sorted list formed by merging List1, List2, and List3. All of List1, List2, and List3 must be sorted and contain no duplicates before evaluating this function.

When two elements compare equal, the element from List1 is picked if there is such an element, otherwise the element from List2 is picked, and the other is deleted.

-spec umerge(ListOfLists) -> List1 when ListOfLists :: [List], List :: [T], List1 :: [T], T :: term().

Returns the sorted list formed by merging all the sublists of ListOfLists. All sublists must be sorted and contain no duplicates before evaluating this function.

When two elements compare equal, the element from the sublist with the lowest position in ListOfLists is picked and the other is deleted.

-spec umerge(List1, List2) -> List3
                when List1 :: [X], List2 :: [Y], List3 :: [X | Y], X :: term(), Y :: term().

Returns the sorted list formed by merging List1 and List2. Both List1 and List2 must be sorted and contain no duplicates before evaluating this function.

When two elements compare equal, the element from List1 is picked and the one from List2 is deleted.

Link to this function

umerge(Fun, List1, List2)

View Source
-spec umerge(Fun, List1, List2) -> List3
                when
                    Fun :: fun((A, B) -> boolean()),
                    List1 :: [A],
                    List2 :: [B],
                    List3 :: [A | B],
                    A :: term(),
                    B :: term().

Returns the sorted list formed by merging List1 and List2. Both List1 and List2 must be sorted according to the ordering function Fun and contain no duplicates before evaluating this function.

Fun(A, B) is to return true if A compares less than or equal to B in the ordering, otherwise false. When two elements compare equal, the element from List1 is picked and the one from List2 is deleted.

Link to this function

uniq(List1)

View Source (since OTP 25.0)
-spec uniq(List1) -> List2 when List1 :: [T], List2 :: [T], T :: term().

Returns a list containing the elements of List1 with duplicated elements removed (preserving the order of the elements). The first occurrence of each element is kept.

Examples:

> lists:uniq([3,3,1,2,1,2,3]).
[3,1,2]
> lists:uniq([a, a, 1, b, 2, a, 3]).
[a, 1, b, 2, 3]
Link to this function

uniq(Fun, List1)

View Source (since OTP 25.0)
-spec uniq(Fun, List1) -> List2 when Fun :: fun((T) -> any()), List1 :: [T], List2 :: [T], T :: term().

Returns a list containing the elements of List1 without the elements for which Fun returned duplicate values (preserving the order of the elements). The first occurrence of each element is kept.

Examples:

> lists:uniq(fun({X, _}) -> X end, [{b, 2}, {a, 1}, {c, 3}, {a, 2}]).
[{b, 2}, {a, 1}, {c, 3}]
-spec unzip3(List1) -> {List2, List3, List4}
                when
                    List1 :: [{A, B, C}],
                    List2 :: [A],
                    List3 :: [B],
                    List4 :: [C],
                    A :: term(),
                    B :: term(),
                    C :: term().

"Unzips" a list of three-tuples into three lists, where the first list contains the first element of each tuple, the second list contains the second element of each tuple, and the third list contains the third element of each tuple.

-spec unzip(List1) -> {List2, List3}
               when List1 :: [{A, B}], List2 :: [A], List3 :: [B], A :: term(), B :: term().

"Unzips" a list of two-tuples into two lists, where the first list contains the first element of each tuple, and the second list contains the second element of each tuple.

-spec usort(List1) -> List2 when List1 :: [T], List2 :: [T], T :: term().

Returns a list containing the sorted elements of List1 where all except the first element of the elements comparing equal have been deleted.

-spec usort(Fun, List1) -> List2
               when Fun :: fun((T, T) -> boolean()), List1 :: [T], List2 :: [T], T :: term().

Returns a list containing the sorted elements of List1 where all except the first element of the elements comparing equal according to the ordering function Fun have been deleted. Fun(A, B) is to return true if A compares less than or equal to B in the ordering, otherwise false.

Link to this function

zip3(List1, List2, List3)

View Source
-spec zip3(List1, List2, List3) -> List4
              when
                  List1 :: [A],
                  List2 :: [B],
                  List3 :: [C],
                  List4 :: [{A, B, C}],
                  A :: term(),
                  B :: term(),
                  C :: term().

Equivalent to zip3(List1, List2, List3, fail).

Link to this function

zip3(List1, List2, List3, How)

View Source (since OTP 26.0)
-spec zip3(List1, List2, List3, How) -> List4
              when
                  List1 :: [A],
                  List2 :: [B],
                  List3 :: [C],
                  List4 :: [{A | DefaultA, B | DefaultB, C | DefaultC}],
                  A :: term(),
                  B :: term(),
                  C :: term(),
                  How :: fail | trim | {pad, {DefaultA, DefaultB, DefaultC}},
                  DefaultA :: term(),
                  DefaultB :: term(),
                  DefaultC :: term().

"Zips" three lists into one list of three-tuples, where the first element of each tuple is taken from the first list, the second element is taken from the corresponding element in the second list, and the third element is taken from the corresponding element in the third list.

For a description of the How parameter, see zip/3.

-spec zip(List1, List2) -> List3
             when List1 :: [A], List2 :: [B], List3 :: [{A, B}], A :: term(), B :: term().

Equivalent to zip(List1, List2, fail).

Link to this function

zip(List1, List2, How)

View Source (since OTP 26.0)
-spec zip(List1, List2, How) -> List3
             when
                 List1 :: [A],
                 List2 :: [B],
                 List3 :: [{A | DefaultA, B | DefaultB}],
                 A :: term(),
                 B :: term(),
                 How :: fail | trim | {pad, {DefaultA, DefaultB}},
                 DefaultA :: term(),
                 DefaultB :: term().

"Zips" two lists into one list of two-tuples, where the first element of each tuple is taken from the first list and the second element is taken from the corresponding element in the second list.

The How parameter specifies the behavior if the given lists are of different lengths.

  • fail - The call will fail if the given lists are not of equal length. This is the default.

  • trim - Surplus elements from the longer list will be ignored.

    Examples:

    > lists:zip([a, b], [1, 2, 3], trim).
    [{a,1},{b,2}]
    > lists:zip([a, b, c], [1, 2], trim).
    [{a,1},{b,2}]
  • {pad, Defaults} - The shorter list will be padded to the length of the longer list, using the respective elements from the given Defaults tuple.

    Examples:

    > lists:zip([a, b], [1, 2, 3], {pad, {x, 0}}).
    [{a,1},{b,2},{x,3}]
    > lists:zip([a, b, c], [1, 2], {pad, {x, 0}}).
    [{a,1},{b,2},{c,0}]
Link to this function

zipwith3(Combine, List1, List2, List3)

View Source
-spec zipwith3(Combine, List1, List2, List3) -> List4
                  when
                      Combine :: fun((X, Y, Z) -> T),
                      List1 :: [X],
                      List2 :: [Y],
                      List3 :: [Z],
                      List4 :: [T],
                      X :: term(),
                      Y :: term(),
                      Z :: term(),
                      T :: term().

Equivalent to zipwith3(Combine, List1, List2, List3, fail).

Link to this function

zipwith3(Combine, List1, List2, List3, How)

View Source (since OTP 26.0)
-spec zipwith3(Combine, List1, List2, List3, How) -> List4
                  when
                      Combine :: fun((X | DefaultX, Y | DefaultY, Z | DefaultZ) -> T),
                      List1 :: [X],
                      List2 :: [Y],
                      List3 :: [Z],
                      List4 :: [T],
                      X :: term(),
                      Y :: term(),
                      Z :: term(),
                      How :: fail | trim | {pad, {DefaultX, DefaultY, DefaultZ}},
                      DefaultX :: term(),
                      DefaultY :: term(),
                      DefaultZ :: term(),
                      T :: term().

Combines the elements of three lists into one list. For each triple X, Y, Z of list elements from the three lists, the element in the result list is Combine(X, Y, Z).

For a description of the How parameter, see zip/3.

zipwith3(fun(X, Y, Z) -> {X,Y,Z} end, List1, List2, List3) is equivalent to zip3(List1, List2, List3).

Examples:

> lists:zipwith3(fun(X, Y, Z) -> X+Y+Z end, [1,2,3], [4,5,6], [7,8,9]).
[12,15,18]
> lists:zipwith3(fun(X, Y, Z) -> [X,Y,Z] end, [a,b,c], [x,y,z], [1,2,3]).
[[a,x,1],[b,y,2],[c,z,3]]
Link to this function

zipwith(Combine, List1, List2)

View Source
-spec zipwith(Combine, List1, List2) -> List3
                 when
                     Combine :: fun((X, Y) -> T),
                     List1 :: [X],
                     List2 :: [Y],
                     List3 :: [T],
                     X :: term(),
                     Y :: term(),
                     T :: term().

Equivalent to zipwith(Combine, List1, List2, fail).

Link to this function

zipwith(Combine, List1, List2, How)

View Source (since OTP 26.0)
-spec zipwith(Combine, List1, List2, How) -> List3
                 when
                     Combine :: fun((X | DefaultX, Y | DefaultY) -> T),
                     List1 :: [X],
                     List2 :: [Y],
                     List3 :: [T],
                     X :: term(),
                     Y :: term(),
                     How :: fail | trim | {pad, {DefaultX, DefaultY}},
                     DefaultX :: term(),
                     DefaultY :: term(),
                     T :: term().

Combines the elements of two lists into one list. For each pair X, Y of list elements from the two lists, the element in the result list is Combine(X, Y).

For a description of the How parameter, see zip/3.

zipwith(fun(X, Y) -> {X,Y} end, List1, List2) is equivalent to zip(List1, List2).

Example:

> lists:zipwith(fun(X, Y) -> X+Y end, [1,2,3], [4,5,6]).
[5,7,9]