<div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">I'm pretty sure that's not it, but a function such as</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">Enum.to_list(1..10)</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">contains an enumeration which is a constant and to_list can be unfolded to produce [1, ..., 10].</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">Since that is a constant it ends up as a literal in the beam bytecode and thus it never ever generates any garbage when called. I'm pretty sure that Erlang compiler is not smart enough to make this unfolding, but it doesn't take a lot of work to make a compiler constant fold such a case. Especially if it is common in code since compiler developers tend to target that. Another common trick is if escape analysis shows the result doesn't outlive its scope in which case data can be stack-allocated, making it far more unlikely to produce heap bump allocation and thus trigger the GC.<br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">This assumption can be verifed by disassembly of the beam bytecode and looking for what the system is doing.<br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">The negative allocation sounds strange to me though. That warrants investigation in what the trace calls are returning IMO to verify it happens at that level or lower.<br></div></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr">On Thu, Jul 19, 2018 at 7:42 AM Devon Estes <<a href="mailto:devon.c.estes@gmail.com">devon.c.estes@gmail.com</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr">Hey everyone,<div><br></div><div>First off, I would like to apologize for the following code example in Elixir - it's the language I know best, and where we're having the problem.</div><div><br></div><div>Anyway, I'm one of the maintainers of an Elixir benchmarking tool called Benchee. A few months ago we added memory measurement as a feature in our benchmarking tool. However, with the release of OTP 21, we're seeing some measurements that seem very strange. For example, according to our measurements, the following function uses 0 bytes of memory: `Enum.to_list(1..10)`. On OTP 20, this always uses between 350-380 byes depending on the platform. There are a few other instances of these kinds of functions which we believe should be using memory somewhere, but the results that we get back from our measurements say they are not using any memory, and all of them are around functions that in OTP 20 used very little memory. We are also seeing somewhat frequently what appears to be _negative_ net memory usage, which again seems really strange.</div><div><br></div><div>So, is this some sort of optimization that we're missing, or is there somewhere else (maybe in a heap fragment?) that these structures might be stored? And if they are somewhere else, is it possible to measure this memory usage?</div><div><br></div><div>At the moment we're measuring memory usage by using `erlang:trace/3` to listen to the garbage collection events, and calculate the used memory from there, and adding any remaining used memory on the heap at the end of the function (after the last GC run).</div><div><br></div><div>Thanks again for any help y'all might be able to offer!</div></div>
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</blockquote></div><br clear="all"><br>-- <br><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_signature" data-smartmail="gmail_signature">J.</div>