<div dir="ltr">A superlative suggestion sir, with only two minor drawbacks: one, Erlang is dynamically typed language and two, Erlang is dynamically typed language. I know that technically that’s only one drawback, but I thought it was such a big one it was worth mentioning twice.<div><br></div><div>Hynek</div></div><div class="gmail_extra"><br><div class="gmail_quote">On Fri, Mar 18, 2016 at 5:30 PM, Emil Holmstrom <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:emil@update.uu.se" target="_blank">emil@update.uu.se</a>></span> wrote:<br><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><div style="white-space:pre-wrap">I am probably repeating what someone else already have said in some other similar thread. <br><br>The confusion between strings and [integer()] would have been greatly reduced if char() existed, $a wouldn't have to be syntactic sugar for 97 but would actually be "character a". You would have to explicitly convert char() -> integer() and wise versa. This is how strings are implemented in ML and Haskell. <br><br>Regarding character encoding: inside Erlang Unicode could always be assumed, converson between different character encodings could be done on I/O. <br><span class="HOEnZb"><font color="#888888"><br>/emil<br></font></span></div><div class="HOEnZb"><div class="h5"><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr">On Fri, 18 Mar 2016 at 00:51, Richard A. O'Keefe <<a href="mailto:ok@cs.otago.ac.nz" target="_blank">ok@cs.otago.ac.nz</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><br>
<br>
On 17/03/16 11:53 pm, Steve Davis wrote:<br>
> > ROK said:<br>
> > Yawn.<br>
> (What am I doing trying to argue with ROK??? Am I MAD?)<br>
><br>
> 1) Why is it people rant about "string handling" in Erlang?<br>
<br>
Because it is not the same as Java.<br>
><br>
> 2) Principle of least surprise:<br>
> 1> [H|T] = [22,87,65,84,33].<br>
> [22,87,65,84,33]<br>
> 2> H.<br>
> 22<br>
> 3> T.<br>
> "WAT!”<br>
This is a legitimate complaint, but it confuses two things.<br>
There is *STRING HANDLING*, which is fine, and<br>
there is *LIST PRINTING*, which causes the confusion.<br>
<br>
For comparison, DEC-10 Prolog, PDP-11 Prolog, C-Prolog, and Quintus Prolog<br>
all did STRING HANDLING as lists of character codes, but<br>
all did LIST PRINTING without ever converting lists of numbers to strings.<br>
The answer was that there was a library procedure to print a list of<br>
integers as a string and you could call that whenever you wanted to,<br>
such as in a user-defined pretty-printing procedure. Here's a transcript<br>
from SICStus Prolog:<br>
| ?- write([65,66,67]).<br>
[65,66,67]<br>
yes<br>
| ?- write("ABC").<br>
[65,66,67]<br>
yes<br>
<br>
The heuristic used by the debugger in some Prologs was that a list of<br>
integers between 32 and 126 inclusive was printed as a string; that<br>
broke down with Latin 1, and broke harder with Unicode. The simple<br>
behaviour mandated by the standard that lists of integers print as<br>
lists of integers confuses people once, then they learn that string<br>
quotes are an input notation, not an output notation, and if they want<br>
string notation in output, they have to call a special procedure to get it.<br>
<br>
The ISO Prolog committee introduced a horrible alternative which the<br>
DEC-10 Prolog designers had experienced in some Lisp systems and<br>
learned to hate: flip a switch and "ABC" is read as ['A','B','C']. The<br>
principal reason given for that was that the output was semi-readable.<br>
One of my arguments against it was that this required every Prolog<br>
system to be able to hold 17*2**16 atoms, and I new for a fact that<br>
many would struggle to do so. The retort was "they must be changed<br>
to make a special case for one-character atoms". Oh well, no silver<br>
bullet.<br>
<br>
That does serve as a reminder, though, that using [a,b,c] instead of<br>
[$a,$b,$c] is *possible* in Erlang.<br>
<br>
Just to repeat the basic point: the printing of (some) integer lists as<br>
strings is SEPARABLE from the issue of how strings are represented and<br>
processed; that could be changed without anything else in the language<br>
changing.<br>
><br>
> 3) A codec should be perfectly reversible i.e. X = encode(decode(X)).<br>
> Without tagging, merely parsing out a string as a list is not<br>
> perfectly reversible.<br>
Here you are making a demand that very few other programming languages<br>
can support. For example, take JavaScript. "\u0041" is read as "A",<br>
and you are not going to get "\u0041" back from "A". You're not even<br>
going to get "\x41" back from it, even though "\x41" == "A".<br>
<br>
Or take Erlang, where<br>
1> 'foo bar'.<br>
'foo bar'<br>
2> 'foobar'.<br>
foobar<br>
with the same kind of thing happening in Prolog.<br>
<br>
And of COURSE reading [1 /* one */, 2 /* deux */, 4 /* kvar */]<br>
in JavaScript preserves the comments so that re-encoding the<br>
data structure restores the input perfectly. </sarc><br>
<br>
Or for that matter consider floating point numbers, where<br>
even the languages that produce the best possible conversions<br>
cannot promise that encode(decode(x)) == x.<br>
<br>
No, I'm sorry, this "perfectly reversible codec" requirement sets up<br>
a standard that NO programming language I'm aware of satisfies.<br>
It is, in fact, a straw man. What you *can* ask, and what some<br>
language designers and implementers strive to give you, is<br>
decode(encode(decode(x))) == decode(x).<br>
<br>
But to repeat the point made earlier, the way that lists of plausible<br>
character codes is printed is SEPARABLE from the way strings are<br>
represented and handled and in an ancestral language is SEPARATE.<br>
><br>
> 4) What is the right way to implement the function is_string(List)<br>
> correctly?<br>
><br>
> *ducks*<br>
<br>
That really is a "have you stopped beating your wife, answer yes or no"<br>
sort of question.<br>
<br>
It depends on the semantics you *want* it to have. The Quintus<br>
library didn't provide any such predicate, but it did provide<br>
<br>
plausible_chars(Term)<br>
when Term is a sequence of integers satisfying<br>
is_graphic(C) or is_space(C),<br>
possibly ending with a tail that is a variable or<br>
a variable bound by numbervars/3.<br>
<br>
Notice the careful choice of name: not IS (certainly) a string,<br>
but is a PLAUSIBLE list of characters.<br>
<br>
It was good enough for paying customers to be happy with the<br>
module it was part of (which was the one offering the<br>
non-usual portray_chars(Term) command).<br>
<br>
One of the representations Quintus used for strings (again, a<br>
library feature, not a core language feature) was in Erlang<br>
notation {external_string,FileName,Offset,Length}, and idea<br>
that struck the customer I developed it for as a great<br>
innovation, when I'd simply stolen it from Smalltalk!<br>
<br>
The thing is that STRINGS ARE WRONG for most things,<br>
however represented. For example, when Java changed<br>
the representation of String so that slicing became a<br>
costly operation, I laughed, because I had my own representation<br>
of strings that provided O(1) concatenation as well as cheap<br>
slicing. (Think Erlang iolists and you won't be far wrong.)<br>
The Pop2 language developed and used at Edinburgh<br>
represented file names as lists, e.g., [/dev/null] was in<br>
Erlang notation ['/',dev.'/',null]. This made file name<br>
manipulation easier than representing them as strings.<br>
Any time there is internal structure, any time there is scope<br>
for sharing substructure, any time you need to process<br>
the parts of a string, strings are wrong.<br>
<br>
The PERL lesson is that regular expressions are a fantastic<br>
tool for doing the wrong thing quite simply.<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
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